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НАУЧНАЯ БИБЛИОТЕКА - РЕФЕРАТЫ - Реферат: Роль и значение машиностроительного комплекса в структуре народного хозяйства России.

Реферат: Роль и значение машиностроительного комплекса в структуре народного хозяйства России.

24



Oeiainiaay aeaaeaiey i?e i?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O.







Eaoaae?a yeiiiie/aneie aaia?aoee e ?aaeiiaeueiie yeiiiieee











EO?NIAAss ?AAIOA

ii oaia:











?ieue e cia/aiea iaoeiino?ieoaeueiiai eiiieaena a no?oeoo?a ia?iaeiiai
oicyenoaa ?innee.



Iniaaiiinoe ?aciauaiey eiiieaena.



Nia?aiaiiua i?iaeaiu e ia?niaeoeau eo ?aoaiey.























Nooaeaio a?oiiu E 2-2 Oaoa?ei Aeaenae.



Iao/iue ?oeiaiaeeoaeue: aeioeaio eaoaae?u Oaa/aiei A.O.















IINEAA, 1997 a.



oupEuc?uUtuIJu uTHbussQuaBuae8ue.uo*uu uu)uA#uX)uo-u?.uc*u1/4u?
uaoooeoUo)Eo@?oW©om?o??o?mo Wo© /m9/b"/W/MuoeCaeoe8Noe/»oe$Foe?oeioeDoeooee?ob?orao?
oe?2oe!Woe?yoe3/4?oeE»oeOUoessuoee/o7/yV/w/?/1/2/!3/4/i·/??/c/BF
/*Y/?/th ?/e C/O Oe/A e/? y/c o? +o? Eo? _o xox ?ox oy Eo Ueo? no?
u? u? 8u? Qu? ku? ?u? Fu? ?u! THuY ueu? u? :u? Zu? |uA ?uAE 3/4uI
ssuO uU $ua Eue huo ?uy ®uNuouue&9ue/[ue>~ueI ueW8ya

Iaeaaeaiea







Aaaaeaiea...............................................................
.................... no?. 3





Aeaaa I Iaoeiino?ieoaeueiue eiiieaen iniiaa iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai
i?ia?anna e iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneiai ia?aaii?oaeaiey anao io?aneae
ia?iaeiiai
oicyenoaa...........................................................
стр. 4





Aeaaa II Io?aneaaay no?oeoo?a e iniaaiiinoe ?aciauaiey
iaoeiino?ieoaeueiiai eiiieaena
?O............................................... no?. 5

II a) Oaeoi?u ?aciauaiey iaoeiino?iaiey

II a) Iniaaiiinoe io?aneaaie no?oeoo?u e aaia?aoey eiiieaena





Aeaaa III I?iaeaiu e ia?niaeoeau ?acaeoey iaoeiino?iaiey a iaoae
no?aia..................................................................
................... no?. 15





Caeeth/aiea.............................................................
................ no?. 24



Aeaeeia?aoey............................................................
.............. no?. 26















AAAAeAIEA





Iaoeiino?iaiea aoiaeeo a ninoaa i?iiuoeaiiinoe iiae iacaaieai
Iaoeiino?iaiea e iaoaeeiia?aaioea. Iaoeiino?iaiea nicaeaao iaoeiu e
iai?oaeiaaiea, aiia?aou e i?eai?u, ?acee/iiai ?iaea iaoaieciu aeey
iaoa?eaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa, iaoee, eoeueoo?u, noa?u oneoa.
Iaoaeeiia?aaioea caieiaaony i?iecaiaenoaii iaoaeee/aneeo ecaeaeee,
?aiiioii iaoei e iai?oaeiaaiey. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy iaoeiino?iaiea ?innee
ninoieo ec ?yaea naiinoiyoaeueiuo io?aneae, eoaea aoiaeyo nauoa 350
iiaeio?aneae e i?iecaiaenoa.

Iaoeiino?iaiea i?iecaiaeeo n?aaenoaa o?oaea iaoeiu e iai?oaeiaaiea,
i?eai?u e au/eneeoaeueioth oaoieeo, ia?aaeaoi/iua ono?ienoaa,
o?ainii?oiua n?aaenoaa aeey anao io?aneae ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. Iii
i?iecaiaeeo i?aaeiaou iio?aaeaiey, a iniiaiii aeeeoaeueiiai iieueciaaiey
(eaaeiaua aaoiiiaeee, oaeaaeci?u, /anu e ae?.). E na?aaeeia 80-o aiaeia
a iauai iauaia i?iaeoeoeee iaoeiino?iaiey n?aaenoaa i?iecaiaenoaa
ninoaaeyee 88,9%, i?aaeiaou iio?aaeaiey - anaai eeoue 11,1%, /oi
naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaei i iai?eaioe?iaaiiinoe ioa/anoaaiiiai iaoeiino?iaiey
ia cai?inu ianniaiai iio?aaeoaey.

Oeaeueth aeaiiiai enneaaeiaaiey yaeyaony iieacaoue ia oieueei
io?aneaaoth no?oeoo?o iaoeiino?ieoaeueiiai eiiieaena e oaeoi?u
?aciauaiey aai io?aneae e iiaeio?aneae, ii e ioa?aeoa?eciaaoue
nia?aiaiiia ninoiyiey eiiieaena, ia?niaeoeau e aa?eaiou auoiaea ec
nicaeaaoaeny naaiaeiy neiaeiie yeiiiie/aneie neooaoeee. A /anoiinoe
cao?iioou i?iaeaiu eiaanoe?iaaiey, yenii?oii-eiii?oiie iieeoeee,
eniieueciaaiey iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai iioaioeeaea, nioeeaeueiua i?iaeaiu.

N o/aoii niaoeeoeee aeaiiie oaiu e e?oaa cao?iioouo aii?inia no?oeoo?a
enneaaeiaaiey iicaieyao iineaaeiaaoaeueii inaaoeoue a ia?aie aeaaa
oai?aoe/aneea aii?inu (?ieue e cia/aiea, niaoeeoeea ?aciauaiey,
io?aneaaay no?oeoo?a) iaoeiino?ieoaeueiiai eiiieaena, ai aoi?ie
neiaeeaoothny ia naaiaeiyoiee iiiaio iaaeaaii?eyoioth yeiiiie/aneoth
neooaoeeth a eiiieaena, e i?aeoe/aneea i?aaeiinueee auoiaea ec iaa.

AEAAA I



Iaoeiino?ieoaeueiue eiiieaen iniiaa iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna e
iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneiai ia?aaii?oaeaiey anao io?aneae ia?iaeiiai
oicyenoaa



Iaoeiino?ieoaeueiue eiiieaen yoi niaieoiiinoue io?aneae i?iiuoeaiiinoe,
i?iecaiaeyueo ?aciiia?aciua iaoeiu. Ii aaaeouee n?aaee iaaeio?aneaauo
eiiieaenia. Yoi iaoneiaeaii ianeieueeeie i?e/eiaie. Ai-ia?auo,
iaoeiino?ieoaeueiue eiiieaen e?oiiaeoee ec i?iiuoeaiiuo eiiieaenia, ia
aai aeieth i?eoiaeeony ii/oe 20% i?iecaiaeeiie i?iaeoeoeee e anao
?aaioathueo a oicyenoaa ?innee. Iaoeiino?iaiea e iaoaeeiia?aaioea
oa?aeoa?ecothony aieaa e?oiiuie ?acia?aie i?aaei?eyoee, /ai
i?iiuoeaiiinoue a oeaeii (n?aaeiee ?acia? i?aaei?eyoey a io?anee
ninoaaeyao ii /eneaiiinoe ?aai/eo ieiei 1700 /aeiaae, ii n?aaiaieth n
iaiaa /ai 850 ii i?iiuoeaiiinoe a oeaeii ), aieueoae oiiaei?ieinoueth,
eaieoaei?ieinoueth e o?oaei?ieinoueth i?iaeoeoeee;
eiino?oeoeaii-oaoiieiae/aneay neiaeiinoue i?iaeoeoeee iaoeiino?iaiey
o?aaoao ?aciiia?aciie ii i?ioanneyi e eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiie ?aai/ae neeu.

C?aaee anao io?aneae i?iiuoeaiiinoe iaoeiino?iaiea caieiaao ia?aia ianoi
ii aeiea a aaeiaie i?iaeoeoeee (a 1990 a. 30%) e
i?iiuoeaiii-i?iecaiaenoaaiiii ia?niiaea, aoi?ia ianoi (iinea
oiieeaii-yia?aaoe/aneiai eiiieaena) ii aeiea a
i?iiuoeaiii-i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oiiaeao, a oaeaea a no?oeoo?a yenii?oa
(18%).

Ai-aoi?uo, iaoeiino?iaiea nicaeaao iaoeiu e iai?oaeiaaiea, i?eiaiyaiua
iianaianoii: a i?iiuoeaiiinoe, naeueneii oicyenoaa, a auoo, ia
o?ainii?oa. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, iao/ii-oaoie/aneee i?ia?ann ai anao
io?aneyo ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa iaoa?eaeecoaony /a?ac i?iaeoeoeeth
iaoeiino?iaiey, a iniaaiiinoe oaeeo aa i?ei?eoaoiuo io?aneae eae
noaieino?iaiea, yeaeo?ioaoie/aneay e yeaeo?iiiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue,
i?eai?ino?iaiea, i?iecaiaenoai yeaeo?iiii-au/eneeoaeueiie oaoieee.
Iaoeiino?iaiea, oaeei ia?acii, i?aaenoaaeyao niaie eaoaeecaoi?
iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna, ia iniiaa eioi?iai inouanoaeyaony
oaoie/aneia ia?aaii?oaeaiea anao io?aneae ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. Iiyoiio
iniiaiia yeiiiie/aneia iacia/aiea i?iaeoeoeee iaoeiino?iaiey iaeaa/eoue
o?oae e iiauneoue aai i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue iooai ianuuaiey anao
io?aneae ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa iniiaiuie oiiaeaie aunieiai oaoie/aneiai
o?iaiy.11 Oeeo?iaua aeaiiua acyou ec: I. E. I?eiaa , E. I. Eoeaoaae/
Yeiiiieea iaoeiino?ieoaeueiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe NNN?. O/aaiia iiniaea. , I.
1987 a. , ae. 1 no?. 13-17 ; A.A. Eenoaiia , I.A. Eiiueia ?aciauaiea
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee. , I. 1994 a. , ae. 2.5. no?. 144-145.









AEAAA II



Io?aneaaay no?oeoo?a e iniaaiiinoe ?aciauaiey iaoeiino?ieoaeueiiai
eiiieaena ?O



II a) Oaeoi?u ?aciauaiey iaoeiino?iaiey

Iaoeiino?iaiea ioee/aaony io ae?oaeo io?aneae i?iiuoeaiiinoe oeaeui
?yaeii iniaaiiinoae, eioi?ua aeeytho ia aai aaia?aoeth. Aaaeiaeoei
yaeyaony iaee/ea iauanoaaiiie iio?aaiinoe a i?iaeoeoeee,
eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiuo o?oaeiauo ?ano?nia, nianoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa eee
aiciiaeiinoe iinoaaee eiino?oeoeeiiiuo iaoa?eaeia e yeaeo?iyia?aee.

Iaoei?ieinoue O?oaeii i?aaenoaaeoue naaa nia?aiaiiia iaoeiino?iaiea aac
oe?ieiai aiaae?aiey iao/iuo ?ac?aaioie. Eiaiii iiyoiio i?iecaiaenoai
iaeaieaa neiaeiie nia?aiaiiie oaoieee (eiiiuethoa?ia, anaaiciiaeiuo
?iaioia) eiioeaio?e?oaony a ?aeiiao e oeaio?ao, iaeaaeathueo
auniei?acaeoie iao/iie aacie: e?oiiuie IEE, eiino?oeoi?neeie ath?i
(Iineaa, Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a, Iiaineae?ne e ae?.). I?eaioaoeey ia iao/iue
iioaioeeae iniiaiiieaaathuee oaeoi? ?aciauaiey iaoeiino?ieoaeueiuo
i?aaei?eyoee.

Iaoaeei?ieinoue Io?anee iaoeiino?iaiey, caieiathueany i?iecaiaenoaii
oaeie i?iaeoeoeee, eae iai?eia?, iaoaeeo?ae/aneiai, yia?aaoe/aneiai,
ai?ii-oaooiiai iai?oaeiaaiey iio?aaeytho iiiai /a?iuo e oeaaoiuo
iaoaeeia. A nayce n yoei iaoeiino?ieoaeueiua caaiaeu, caieiathueany
auioneii oaeiai ?iaea i?iaeoeoeee iau/ii noa?athony iaoiaeeoueny eae
iiaeii aeeaea e iaoaeeo?ae/aneei aacai, /oiau oiaiueoeoue cao?aou ii
aeinoaaea nu?uey. Aieueoeinoai e?oiiuo caaiaeia oyaeaeiai iaoeiino?iaiey
?aniieiaeaiu ia O?aea.

O?oaei?ieinoue N oi/ee c?aiey o?oaei?ieinoe iaoeiino?ieoaeueiue
eiiieaen oa?aeoa?ecoaony aieueoeie cao?aoaie e i/aiue aunieie
eaaeeoeeaoeeae o?oaea. I?iecaiaenoai iaoei o?aaoao aieueoeo cao?ao
?aai/aai a?aiaie. A nayce n yoei aeinoaoi/ii aieueoia eiee/anoai
io?aneae iaoeiino?iaiey oyaioatho e ?aeiiai no?aiu, aaea eiioeaio?aoeey
ianaeaiey auniea, e a iniaaiiinoe oai, aaea anoue
aunieieaaeeoeoee?iaaiiua e eiaeaia?ii-oaoie/aneea eaae?u. *?acau/aeii
o?oaei?ieeie iiaeii iacaaoue neaaeothuea io?anee eiiieaena: aaeaoeeiiiay
i?iiuoeaiiinoue (Naia?a, Eacaiue), noaieino?iaiea (Iineaa,
Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a), i?iecaiaenoai yeaeo?ioaoieee e oi/iuo i?eai?ia
(Oeueyiiane).

Eae ioaeaeueiue oaeoi? aaia?aoe/aneiai ?aciauaiey iaoeiino?iaiey iiaeii
auianoe aiaiii-no?aoaae/aneee aniaeo. I?eieiay ai aieiaiey eioa?anu
ainoaea?noaaiiie aaciianiinoe, iiiaea i?aaei?eyoey iaoeiino?ieoaeueiiai
eiiieaena, auioneathuea i?iaeoeoeeth iai?iiiiai iacia/aiey, oaeaeaiu io
a?aieoe ainoaea?noaa. Iiiaea ec ieo neiioeaio?e?iaaiu a cae?uouo
ai?iaeao.

A?oiie?iaea iaoeiino?ieoaeueiuo io?aneae ii oaeoi?ai ?aciauaiey

Oaeoi? ?aciauaiey Aeiey io?aneae, ?aciauaaiuo n o/aoii aeaiiiai oaeoi?a,
a i?iecaiaenoaa i?iaeoeoeee eiiieaena, %Oyaioaiea e:

?aeiiai n ?acaeoie iao/iie aacie

?aeiiai nin?aaeioi/aiey o?oaeiauo ?ano?nia

?aeiiai iio?aaeaiey i?iaeoeoeee

iaoaeeo?ae/aneei aacai

42

24

22

12II a) Iniaaiiinoe io?aneaaie no?oeoo?u e aaia?aoey eiiieaena

Ca aiaeu niaaoneie aeanoe a ?acee/iuo ?aeiiao auaoaai NNN? auee
nicaeaiu e?oiiaeoea iaoeiino?ieoaeueiua i?aaei?eyoey, auioneathuea
i?aeoe/anee ana iaiaoiaeeiia oaoiieiae/aneia iai?oaeiaaiea aeey anao
io?aneae ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. Ii aeey ioa/anoaaiiiai iaoeiino?iaiey
oa?aeoa?iu /?acau/aeii aunieay noaiaiue oa??eoi?eaeueiie eiioeaio?aoeee,
i?eoii i?aeiouanoaaiii a aa?iiaeneie /anoe no?aiu, e iaaeinoaoi/iue
o?iaaiue niaoeeaeecaoeee e iaaeio?aneaaie eiiia?aoeee. E oiio aea iiiaea
e?oiiua iaoeiino?ieoaeueiua caaiaeu e i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iauaaeeiaiey
i?iaeoe?iaaeenue e oi?ie?iaaeenue eae oieaa?naeueiua, ii i?eioeeio
iaoo?aeueiiai oicyenoaa, c iieiui iaai?ii caaioiaeoaeueiuo,
aniiiiaaoaeueiuo e ?aiiioiuo i?iecaiaenoa. Iiyoiio a i?aaenoiyuea aiaeu
io?aneaaay, oa??eoi?eaeueiay e oaoiieiae/aneay no?oeoo?a iaoeiino?iaiey
aeieaeia i?aoa?iaoue ea?aeeiaeueiua eciaiaiey, iniiaiuie iai?aaeaieyie
eioi?uo aeieaeii auoue oeo/oaiea ea/anoaa i?iaeoeoeee,
aeaeiioeaio?aoeey, iiauoaiea o?iaiy niaoeeaeecaoeee e eiiia?aoeee
i?iecaiaenoaa, nie?auaiea ia?aoeeiiaeueiuo o?ainii?oiuo e ae?oaeo
?anoiaeia.

Oyaeaeia iaoeiino?iaiea Caaiaeu yoie io?anee ioee/athony aieueoei
iio?aaeaieai iaoaeea e iaania/eaatho iaoeiaie e iai?oaeiaaieai
i?aaei?eyoey iaoaeeo?ae/aneiai, oiieeaii-yia?aaoe/aneiai,
ai?iiaeiauaathuaai e ai?ii-oeie/aneiai eiiieaenia. Aeey iaai oa?aeoa?iu
eae i?aaei?eyoey, auioneathuea aeaoaee e oceu (iai?eia?, aaeee aeey
i?ieaoiuo noaiia) eee i?aaei?eyoey, niaoeeaeece?iaaiiua ia auionea
ioaeaeueiuo aeaeia iai?oaeiaaiey (ia?iaua eioeu eee oo?aeiu aeey
yeaeo?inoaioeee, ai?ii-oaooiia iai?oaeiaaiea, yeneaaaoi?u), oae e
oieaa?naeueiua, auioneathuea a na?eeiii eee eiaeeaeaeoaeueiii eniieiaiee
?aciua aeaeu iai?oaeiaaiey (O?aeiao, Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aneee iaoaeee/aneee
caaiae e ae?.).

A ninoaa io?anee aoiaeyo neaaeothuea 10 iiaeio?aneae: iaoaeeo?ae/aneia
iaoeiino?iaiea, ai?iia, iiaeuaiii-o?ainii?oiia iaoeiino?iaiea,
oaieiaicino?iaiea e iooaaia iaoeiino?iaiea, aaaiiino?iaiea,
aeecaeano?iaiea, eioeino?iaiea, oo?aino?iaiea, aoiiiia iaoeiino?iaiea,
iieea?aoe/aneia iaoeiino?iaiea. Ieiei 90% i?iecaiaenoaa io?anee
nin?aaeioi/aii a aa?iiaeneie /anoe, inoaeueiia a Caiaaeiie Neae?e e ia
Aeaeueiai Ainoiea.

I?iecaiaenoai iaoaeeo?ae/aneiai iai?oaeiaaiey, caieiathuaa ia?aia ianoi
a io?anee ii noieiinoe i?iaeoeoeee, ?aniieiaeaii, eae i?aaeei, a ?aeiiao
e?oiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa noaee e i?ieaoa. Ia i?aaei?eyoeyo O?aea
auioneaaony iai?oaeiaaiea aeey aaeiia?aoeeiiiuo oaa?ee, aeiiaiiua e
yeaeo?iieaaeeueiua ia/e, a oaeaea iai?oaeiaaiea aeey i?ieaoiiai e
ae?iaeeueii-?aciieueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa.

I?ioeeue caaiaeia ai?iiai iaoeiino?iaiey iaoeiu aeey ?acaaaeee, a
oaeaea ioe?uoiai e cae?uoiai niiniaia aeiau/e, ae?iaeaiey e iaiaauaiey
oaa?aeuo iieaciuo eneiiaaiuo ia i?aaei?eyoeyo /a?iie e oeaaoiie
iaoaeeo?aee, oeie/aneie, oaieueiie, i?iiuoeaiiinoe e i?iiuoeaiiinoe
no?ieoaeueiuo iaoa?eaeia, o?ainii?oiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa. Iie, eae
i?aaeei, ?aniieiaeaiu a ?aeiiao iio?aaeaiey ia O?aea e a Neae?e e ae?.
Ioa/anoaaiiiio iaoeiino?iaieth i?eiaaeeaaeeo i?ei?eoao a ?ac?aaioea e
oe?ieii i?iiuoeaiiii inaiaiee ai?iii?ioiae/aneeo e i/enoiuo eiiaaeiia,
?ioi?iuo e oaaathueo yeneaaaoi?ia. Yoa i?iaeoeoeey i?iecaiaeeony a
E?aniiy?nea, Aeaoa?eiao?aa (O?aeiao), Oaooao, Eenaeaanea e Ia?ie.

I?iaeoeoeey iiaeuaiii-o?ainii?oiiai iaoeiino?iaiey eiaao aieueoia
yeiiiie/aneia cia/aiea, oae eae ia iia?oci/ii-?aca?oci/iuo ?aaioao a
i?iiuoeaiiinoe, ia no?ieoaeuenoaa, o?ainii?oa e a ae?oaeo io?aneyo
ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa caiyoi ieiei 5iei. /aeiaae, i?eoii aieueoa iieiaeiu
?o/iui o?oaeii. Iinoiaua yeaeo?e/aneea e?aiu auioneathony a
Oeaio?aeueiii ?aeiia (Oceianeie caaiae), ia Aeaeueiai Ainoiea ( Ao?aene,
Eiiniiieuene-ia-Aio?a) e ai iiiaeo ae?oaeo ai?iaeao. Noaoeeiia?iua e
eaioi/iua eiiaaea?u a Aieai-Ayoneii, Oeaio?aeueiii, O?aeueneii ?aeiiao.

Oaieiaicino?iaiea, aaaiiino?iaiea e iooaaia iaoeiino?iaiea iaania/eaaao
aeaeaciiaei?iaeiue o?ainii?o iaaeno?aeueiuie a?ociauie, iannaaee?neeie e
iaiaa?iauie oaieiaicaie, a?ociauie e iannaaee?neeie aaaiiaie e o. ae.
Iaaeno?aeueiua oaieiaicu i?iecaiaeyony ia iaeiii ec noa?aeoeo
iaoeiino?ieoaeueiuo caaiaeia Eieiiaineii, iaiaa?iaua i?iiuoeaiiua
oaieiaicu a iniiaiii, a Oeaio?aeueiii ?aeiia (A?yine, Eaeoaa,
Ethaeeeiai, Io?ii) e ia O?aea. A?ociaia aaaiiino?iaiea neiioeaio?e?iaaii
a Caiaaeiie Neae?e (Iiaiaeoaene), a Ainoi/iie Neae?e (Aaaeai).
Iannaaee?neea aaaiiu i?iecaiaeyo Oaa?neie, Aeaieoianeee e
Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aneee caaiaeu. Iooaaua iaoeiu e iaoaieciu (oeeaaei/iua,
?aeueninaa?i/iua, niaaii/enoeoaeueiua e ae?. iaoeiu ecaioiaeythony iiea
a iaaeinoaoi/iii eiee/anoaa e anni?oeiaioa, eo i?iecaiaenoai
nin?aaeioi/aii a ai?iaeao aa?iiaeneie /anoe ?innee a Eaeoaa, Ooea,
Ayoea, Na?aoiaa, Yiaaeuena, A?iaae?a, Oeoi?aoeea.

Oo?aino?iaiea, iinoaaeythuaa aeey yia?aaoeee ia?iaua, aaciaua e
aeae?aaee/aneea oo?aeiu, i?aaenoaaeaii a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuie iauaaeeiaieyie Caieo-Iaoa?ao?aneee iaoaeee/aneee
caaiae, Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aneee caaiae oo?aeiiuo eiiaoie, Aeaoa?eiao?aneee
oo?aiiioi?iue caaiae, Aeaeueyia?aiiao (Oaaa?iane). Caaiaeu iiaeio?anee
auioneatho iai?oaeiaaiea aeey oaieiauo, aoiiiuo, aeae?aaee/aneeo e
aacioo?aeiiuo yeaeo?inoaioeee, aaciia?aea/eaathuaa iai?oaeiaaiea aeey
iaaeno?aeueiuo aacii?iaiaeia, eiii?anni?iia, iaaiaoaoaeueiia e
ooeeecaoeeiiiia iai?oaeiaaiea aeey oeie/aneie e iaooaia?a?aaaouaathuae
i?iiuoeaiiinoe, /a?iie e oeaaoiie iaoaeeo?aee. Iniiaiua oaeoi?u
?aciauaiey iaee/ea eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiuo eaae?ia e iao/ii-eiino?oeoeeiiiuo
i?aaiecaoeee.

Aoiiiia iaoeiino?iaiea ia?acotho caaiaeu aieiaiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
iauaaeeiaiee Eaei?neee caaiae (Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a) e Aoiiiao (Aieaiaeiine).
Caaiaeu niaoeeaeece?othony ia auionea ei?ioniuo ?aaeoi?ia e ae?oaiai
iai?oaeiaaiey aeey AYN.

Iieea?aoe/aneia iaoeiino?iaiea eiaao iaeiaiueoee iauai oiaa?iie
i?iaeoeoeee a io?anee. I?iecaiaenoai nin?aaeioi/aii eneeth/eoaeueii a
aa?iiaeneie /anoe no?aiu a Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa, Iineaa, ?uaeinea.

Yeaeo?ioaoie/aneay i?iiuoeaiiinoue. Io?aneue auioneaao ecaeaeey aieaa
100oun. iaeiaiiaaiee i?iaeoeoeee, iio?aaeoaeai eioi?ie yaeyaony
i?aeoe/anee ana ia?iaeiia oicyenoai. Ii iauaio i?iecaiaenoaa iia
cia/eoaeueii i?aainoiaeeo a niaieoiiinoe ana iiaeio?anee oyaeaeiai
iaoeiino?iaiey. Aeey i?iecaiaenoaa yeaeo?ioaoie/aneie i?iaeoeoeee
o?aaoaony oe?ieee iaai? oaoie/aneeo n?aaenoa e iaoa?eaeia, i?iecaiaeeiuo
?acee/iuie i?iiuoeaiiuie eiiieaenaie.

?aciauaiea i?aaei?eyoee yeaeo?ioaoie/aneie i?iiuoeaiiinoe iaoneiaeaii
?acee/iuie oaeoi?aie, aaea aaaeioth ?ieue ea?atho iaee/ea
eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiuo eaae?ia, niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuo
iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneeo i?aaiecaoeee e e?oiiuo iio?aaeoaeae. A
ianoiyuaa a?aiy iniiaiuie ?aaeiiaie yeaeo?ioaoie/aneiai iaoeiino?iaiey
yaeythony Oeaio?aeueiue, Naaa?i-caiaaeiue e Caiaaeii-Neae?neee
?aeiiu.Noa?aeoeie yaeythony oaeea i?aaei?eyoey, eae iineianeea
Yeaeo?icaaiae eiaie A.A. Eoeauoaaa, naieo-iaoa?ao?aneee Yeaeo?ineea,
aeaoa?eiao?aneee O?aeyeaeo?iaiia?ao e iiaineae?neee o?ainoi?iaoi?iue
caaiae.

Noaieieino?oiaioaeueiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue aeeth/aao i?iecaiaenoai
iaoaeei?aaeoueo noaieia, eocia/ii-i?anniaiai iai?oaeiaaiey,
aea?aaiia?aaaouaathuaai iai?oaeiaaiey, iaoaeeiia?aaaouaathuaai
eino?oiaioa, oeaio?aeeciaaiiue ?aiiio iaoaeeiia?aaaouaathuaai
iai?oaeiaaiey. Caaiaeu noaieieino?oiaioaeueiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe ?aciauaiu
a iniiaiuo iaoeiino?ieoaeueiuo ?aeiiao. N?aaeiee ?acia? i?aaei?eyoee
n?aaieoaeueii iaaaeee. E?oiiuie oeaio?aie noaieieino?oiaioaeueiie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe yaeythony Iineaa (caaiae oiea?iuo noaieia e
?iaioece?iaaiiuo eiiieaenia E?aniue i?ieaoa?ee), Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a,
Eaaiiai, Na?aoia, ?ycaiue, Ieaeiee Iiaai?iae, Iiaineae?ne, I?aiao?a,
E?eoone e ae?.

I?eai?ino?iaiea. I?iaeoeoeey yoie io?anee ioee/aaony iaaieueoie
iaoa?eaei- e yia?aiaieinoueth, ii aeey aa i?iecaiaenoaa o?aaothony
aunieieaaeeoeoee?iaaiiay ?aai/ay neea e iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneea
eaae?u. Iiyoiio iniiaiay /anoue i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iioaioeeaea
nin?aaeioi/aia a e?oiiuo e e?oiiaeoeo ai?iaeao. Iai?eia?, a Iineaa e
Iineianeie iaeanoe ?aciauaiu aeanyoee iao/ii-i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo e
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee, niaoeeaeece?othueony ia auionea,
iiioaaea e iaeaaeea n?aaenoa aaoiiaoecaoeee, ?ac?aaioea i?ia?aiiiiai
iaania/aiey, eiino?oe?iaaiee e i?iecaiaenoaa /ania, iaaeeoeeineeo
i?eai?ia, ecia?eoaeueiie aiia?aoo?u, i?aoaoieee.

A no?oeoo?a iaoeiino?iaiey aeiey i?iaeoeoeee i?eai?ino?iaiey ninoaaeyao
ieiei 12%. Yoa iaoeiaieay i?iaeoeoeey yaeyaony iniiaiui yeaiaioii nenoai
aaoiiaoecaoeee oi?aaeaiey oaoiieiae/aneeie i?ioeannaie, a oaeaea
oi?aaeai/aneiai e eiaeaia?ii-oaoie/aneiai o?oaea, eioi?iaoeeiiiuo nenoai
e o.ae. A i?eai?ino?iaiee aieaa 80% i?iaeoeoeee auioneaaony e?oiiuie
i?aaei?eyoeyie (/eneaiiinoue ?aaioathueo io 1 aei 10oun. /aeiaae). A
/enea e?oiiaeoeo i?aaei?eyoee - AI Aoi?ie Iineianeee /aniaie caaiae,
Iaicaineee /aniaie caaiae.

Iaoeiino?iaiea aeey eaaeie e ieuaaie i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Nthaea aoiaeyo
neaaeothuea iiaeio?anee: i?iecaiaenoai iai?oaeiaaiey aeey oaenoeeueiie,
o?eeioaaeiie, oaaeiie, iaoaiie, eiaeaaaiiie, iaoiaie i?iiuoeaiiinoe, a
oaeaea aeey i?iecaiaenoaa oeie/aneeo aieieii e iai?oaeiaaiea aeey
ieuaaie i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Iniiaiui oaeoi?ii ?aciauaiey yaeyaony aeecinoue
e iio?aaeoaeth, iiyoiio iiaeaaeythuaa aieueoeinoai caaiaeia, e aieaa 90%
iauaia auionea oiaa?iie i?iaeoeoeee ?aciauaiu a aa?iiaeneie ciia
(aeaaiui ia?acii Oeaio?aeueiue, Aieai-Ayoneee, Naaa?i-caiaaeiue e
Iiaieaeneee ?aeiiu).

Aaeaoeeiiiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue. A aaeaoeeiiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe
eiiia?e?othony i?aaei?eyoey i?aeoe/anee anao io?aneae i?iiuoeaiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa, iinoaaeythuea ?aciiia?aciua iaoa?eaeu e iai?oaeiaaiea.
I?aaei?eyoey ioee/athony aunieei o?iaiai eaaeeoeeaoeee
eiaeaia?ii-oaoie/aneiai e ?aai/aai ia?niiaea, /oi iaoneiaeei
aicieeiiaaiea e ?acaeoea aaeaoeeiiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe a e?oiiuo
i?iiuoeaiiuo oeaio?ao. Nia?aiaiiua iannaaee?neea e a?ociaua naiieaou
i?iecaiaeyony a Iineaa, Niieainea, Ai?iiaaea, Oaaai?iaa, Eacaie,
Oeueyiianea, Naia?a, Na?aoiaa, Iinea, Iiaineae?nea. A Iineaa,
?inoiaa-ia-Aeiio, Eacaie e Oeai-Oaea i?iecaiaeyo aa?oieaou.

?aeaoii-einie/aneay i?iiuoeaiiinoue (Iineaa, Iine, E?aniiy?ne e ae?.)
auioneaao i?aeoaeueiua einie/aneea ei?aaee, ?aeaou aeey auaiaea
niooieeia, a?ociauo e iaeoaaiuo ei?aaeae e ei?aaee iiiai?aciaiai
eniieueciaaiey oeia Ao?ai, ni/aoathuay aunieea oaoiieiaee n oe?ieie
iaaeio?aneaaie eiiieaeniinoueth i?iecaiaenoaa. Ia aeieth ?innee
i?eoiaeeony 85% iiuiinoae ?aeaoii-einie/aneiai eiiieaena auaoaai NNN?.

Aaoiiiaeeueiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue. Ii iauaio i?iecaiaenoaa, a oaeaea ii
noieiinoe iniiaiuo oiiaeia iia yaeyaony e?oiiaeoae io?aneueth
iaoeiino?iaiey. I?iaeoeoeey aaoiiiaeeano?iaiey oe?iei eniieuecoaony ai
anao io?aneyo ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa e yaeyaony iaeiei ec naiuo oiaeiauo
oiaa?ia a ?icie/iie oi?aiaea. Nauoa 80% ia?aaiceiuo a?ocia i?eoiaeeony
ia aaoiiiaeeueiue o?ainii?o.

Iiaeaaeythuay /anoue i?iecaiaenoaa nin?aaeioi/aia a noa?ii?iiuoeaiiuo
?aeiiao aa?iiaeneie /anoe ?innee n aunieie eiioeaio?aoeeae ia?aaicie e
iaee/eai e?oiiuo o?ainii?oiuo oceia. A io?anee aaeee o?iaaiue
i?iecaiaenoaaiiie eiioeaio?aoeee. Aieaa 1/2 oiaa?iie i?iaeoeoeee,
iniiaiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oiiaeia e ia?niiaea i?eoiaeeony ia
i?aaei?eyoey n /eneaiiinoueth ?aaioathueo aieaa 10 oun. /aeiaae,
ninoaaeythueo eeoue 11% io iauaai /enea. E yoie a?oiia ioiinyony AII CEE
e AI Iineae/ (Iineaa), AI AAC (Ieaeiee Iiaai?iae), AI AAC (Oieueyooe),
AI EaiAC (Iaaa?aaeiua *aeiu). Iniiaiuie ?aeiiaie ?aciauaiey yaeythony
Oeaio?aeueiue (aieaa 1/5 aaeiaie i?iaeoeoeee), Iiaieaeneee,
Aieai-Ayoneee e O?aeueneee ?aeiiu.

Naeueneioicyenoaaiiia e o?aeoi?iia iaoeiino?iaiea. Iniiaiua iiuiinoe
naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai e o?aeoi?iiai iaoeiino?iaiey ?aniieiaeaiu aeaaiui
ia?acii a Naaa?i-Eaaeacneii, Iiaieaeneii, Caiaaeii-Neae?neii,
O?aeueneii, Oeaio?aeueiii, Oeaio?aeueii-*a?iicaiiii e Aieai-Ayoneii
?aeiiao. Yoi niioaaonoaoao ?aciauaieth e niaoeeaeecaoeee naeueneiai
oicyenoaa. A naeueneioicyenoaaiiii iaoeiino?iaiee inouanoaeyaony
i?aaeiaoiay e iiaeaoaeueiay niaoeeaeecaoeey; cia/eoaeueii iaiueoa
caaiaeia niaoeeaeece?iaaii ia ii?aaeaeaiiuo noaaeeyo oaoiieiae/aneiai
i?ioeanna eee eaieoaeueiii ?aiiioa iai?oaeiaaiey.

I?iecaiaenoai ca?iioai?i/iuo eiiaaeiia nin?aaeioi/aii ia caaiaea
?inonaeueiao, ia e?aniiy?neii e oaaai?ianeii caaiaeao,
ea?oioaeaoai?i/iuo a ?ycaie, eueiioai?i/iuo a Aaaeaoeea. ?acee/iua
oeiu o?aeoi?ia auioneathony ai Aeaaeeie?a, Eeiaoeea, Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa,
Aieaia?aaea, ?oaoeianea, Iao?icaaiaenea, Aa?iaoea, A?yinea e *aaiena?ao.

Noaeino?ieoaeueiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue. Aieueoeinoai i?aaei?eyoee io?anee,
ianiio?y ia iio?aaeyaiia eie cia/eoaeueiia eiee/anoai iaoaeea aieueoeo
ia?aiao?ia, /oi iaoaeiaii aeey o?ainii?oe?iaee, iaoiaeeony aia e?oiiuo
iaoaeeo?ae/aneeo aac. Neiaeiinoue nia?aiaiiuo noaeia iaoneiaeeaaao
onoaiiaeo ia ieo ?aciiia?aciiai iai?oaeiaaiey, /oi iiae?acoiaaaao
iaee/ea eiiia?aoeeiiiuo naycae n i?aaei?eyoeyie-niaaeieeaie.
No?ieoaeuenoai noaeia ia/eiaaony ia nooa, a caeai/eaaaony ia ieaao,
iiyoiio iiiaea aa?oe ?aciauaiu a onoueyo e?oiiuo ?ae eee a caueuaiiuo io
ii?y aaaaiyo.

E?oiiaeoee ?aeii ii?neiai noaeino?iaiey neiaeeeny ia Aaeoeeneii ii?a,
aaea iaoiaeeony aaaeiaeoee aai oeaio? Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a n ?yaeii caaiaeia
(Naaa?iay aa?oue, Aaeoeeneee, Aaeie?aeoaeneee, Eaiiia?neee, Iaaneee).
Eiathony noaeino?ieoaeueiua e noaei?aiiioiua caaiaeu a Auai?aa e
Eaeeieia?aaea. Ia Aeaeueiai Ainoiea oeaio?aie noaei?aiiioa yaeythony
Aeaaeeainoie e Iao?iiaaeiane-Eai/aoneee.

?a/iia noaeino?iaiea i?aaenoaaeaii iiiai/eneaiiuie aa?oyie ia aaaeiaeoeo
?a/iuo iaaeno?aeyo: Aieaa (Ieaeiee Iiaai?iae), Iae, Aienaa. Auaiaeiia
aaia?aoe/aneia iieiaeaiea oaeeo caaiaeia aeaeaao nii?oaeaiea noaeia ia
oaeeo i?aaei?eyoeyo aanueia yooaeoeaiui.

Anee ?anniao?eaaoue ?aaeiiaeueiue aniaeo ?aciauaiey io?aneae
iaoeiino?iaiey, oi aaaeouaa iieiaeaiea n?aaee iaoeiino?ieoaeueiuo
?aaeiiia ia oieueei ?innee, ii e NIA aoaeao caieiaoue Oeaio?aeueiue
yeiiiie/aneee ?aeii. Aei iaaeaaiaai a?aiaie ia aai aeieth i?eoiaeeeinue
aieaa 1/2 i?iecaiaenoaa iannaaee?neeo aaaiiia, cia/eoaeueiay /anoue
i?iaeoeoeee aaoiiiaeeano?iaiey, 90% i?iaeoeoeee iaoeiino?iaiey aeey
eaaeie i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Ii/oe 80% i?iaeoeoeee yenii?oe?iaaeanue a ae?oaea
?aaeiiu e ca a?aieoeo. ?acaeoea caeanue aunieioaoiieiae/iiai
i?iecaiaenoaa ai iiiaii iaoneiaeaii iaee/eai caeanue
aunieieaaeeoeoee?iaaiiuo eaae?ia, iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneeo e i?iaeoiuo
i?aaiecaoeee. A no?oeoo?a i?iecaiaenoaa aaeeea ?ieue Iineau. Caeanue
?aniieiaeaiu auaoea oeaaiaiu ioa/anoaaiiiai aaoiiiaeeano?iaiey AI
Iineae/ e AII CEE e ia?iiiia eiee/anoai ii/oiauo yueeia e nicaeaiiuo ia
eo aaca eiiaa?neiiiuo i?iecaiaenoa. A Iineaa oaeaea ?aniieiaeaiu oaeea
e?oiiua iaoeiino?ieoaeueiua aeaaiou, eae AI Aeeiaii, Caaiae ei. Eeuee/a,
ianeieueei oa?eeiiiaeoeiieeiauo caaiaeia. Io?aneyie iaoeiino?ieoaeueiie
niaoeeaeecaoeee Oeaio?aeueiiai yeiiiie/aneiai ?aeiia yaeythony
aaoiiiaeeano?iaiea, eieiiioeai-, aaaiiino?iaiea, ?a/iia noaeino?iaiea,
o?aeoi?iia, naeueneioicyenoaaiiia, oi/iia iaoeiino?iaiea.

Naaa?i-caiaaeiue yeiiiie/aneee ?aeii aoiaeeo a ninoaa Oeaio?aeueiiai
?aaeiia ?innee. Iniiaiay aeiey iaoeiioaoie/aneie i?iaeoeoeee i?eoiaeeony
ia Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a, a eioi?ii neiioeaio?e?iaaii yia?aaoe/aneia,
?aaeeioaoie/aneia, iioeei-iaoaie/aneia iaoeiino?iaiea, ii?neia
noaeino?iaiea, aaaiiino?iaiea, noaieino?iaiea. Aaaeiui oeaio?ii ii?neiai
noaeino?iaiey yaeyaony Eaeeieia?aae.

Aoi?ui e?oiiui ?aaeiiii eiioeaio?aoeee iaoeiino?ieoaeueiuo i?iecaiaenoa
yaeyaony O?aei-Iiaieaeuea. Ii iauaio auioneaaiie i?iaeoeoeee ?aaeii
onooiaao oieueei Oeaio?o. Ia i?aaei?eyoeyo O?aea i?iecaiaeeony 24.6%
anao noaieia, 24.4% eocia/ii-i?anniaiai e 17% ai?ii-oaooiiai
iai?oaeiaaiey. E?oiiuie oeaio?aie yaeythony ai?iaea Aeaoa?eiao?a,
*aeyaeine, Oieueyooe, Iaaa?aaeiua *aeiu e Ieaeiee Iiaai?iae. Iaiaoiaeeii
oaeaea iiae/a?eiooue, /oi a Aieai-Ayoneii yeiiiie/aneii ?aeiia
(?anioaeeea Oaeio?oey) neiioeaio?e?iaaiu aaaeiaeoea i?aaei?eyoey
iai?iiiie io?anee. A /anoiinoe a noieeoea ?anioaeeee iaoiaeeony
Eaeaaneee i?oaeaeiue caaiae, i?iecaiaeyuee aanue niaeo? eaaeiai e
n?aaeiaai no?aeeiaiai i?oaeey.

A iai?aaeaiee n caiaaea ia ainoie i?ienoiaeeo caiaoiia oaaee/aiea cao?ao
ia eaieoaeueiia no?ieoaeuenoai, ?aai/oth neeo, o?ainii?oe?iaeo nu?uey e
aioiaie i?iaeoeoeee. Anee i?eiyoue ca 100% ?anoiaeu ia nicaeaiea
iaoeiino?ieoaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa a oeaio?aeueiii ?aaeiia, oi cao?aou a
Neae?e aic?anooo ia 7-12%, a ia Aeaeueiai Ainoiea - ia 12-15%.
Niioaaonoaaiiia iiauoaiea naaanoieiinoe i?iaeoeoeee ninoaaeo 13-25% a
caaeneiinoe io niaoeeoeee i?iecaiaenoaa. Iiyoiio aaeece enoi/ieeia
nu?uey e yia?aee oeaeaniia?acii ?aciauaoue iaoa?eaei- e yia?aiaieea
i?iecaiaenoaa yia?aaoe/aneiai, iiaeuaiii-o?ainii?oiiai,
aaaiiino?ieoaeueiiai e ai?iiaeiauaathuaai iai?oaeiaaiey. Iiaeiaiua
i?aaei?eyoey neiioeaio?e?iaaiu ia Aeoaa, a Eaia?ianeie e E?eooneie
iaeanoyo. Iaee/ea aunieieaaeeoeoee?iaaiiuo eaae?ia a Iiaineae?nea e
Iinea iicaieeei nicaeaoue iaoeiaieea i?aaei?eyoey yeaeo?ioaoie/aneiai e
?aaeeioaoie/aneiai iaoeiino?iaiey.







AEAAA III



I?iaeaiu e ia?niaeoeau ?acaeoey iaoeiino?iaiey a iaoae no?aia.



A i?iiuoeaiii ?acaeouo no?aiao, aaea e?ecenu e niaaeu i?iecaiaenoaa
iiaoi?ythony ia?eiaee/anee, eciaiaiey oaeouae eiiuthieoo?u iaiueoa anaai
cao?aaeaatho auione iiaaeoae aunieioaoiieiae/iie i?iaeoeoeee, /oi
nicaeaao ii?aaeaeaiiua eiioeuenu aeey auoiaea ec e?eceniuo neooaoeee.
Iaoeiino?iaieth ?innee a iineaaeiaa a?aiy i?enoua aeeaiao?aeueii
i?ioeaiiieiaeiay oaiaeaioeey iia?aaeathuaa nieaeaiea i?iecaiaenoaa
iaeaieaa i?ia?anneaiie oaoieee. A ?acoeueoaoa iiaeii iieiinoueth
oo?aoeoue iaeiieaiiue ca i?aaeoanoaothuea aiaeu oaoiieiae/aneee
iioaioeeae, oioy e iaaeinoaoi/ii ea/anoaaiiue, ii ana aea eiathuee
i?eioeeieaeueiia cia/aiea aeey aeaeueiaeoaai ooieoeeiie?iaaiey
yeiiiieee.

?aniaae aaeeiiai iaoeiino?ieoaeueiiai eiiieaena NNN? ia ioaeaeueiua
?anioaeeeaineea aeiee ?acei iaino?ee i?iaeaiu iaoeiino?iaiey ?innee, oae
eae iaeiia?aiaiii ?aniaeenue aiaoiayeiiiie/aneea nayce a iaeanoe
oi?aiaee iaoeiaie e iai?oaeiaaieai, eioi?ua ioeaaeeaaeenue
aeanyoeeaoeyie e aeaaiaea?y /aio neiaeeeny ii?aaeaeaiiue aaeain a
ianuuaiee io?aneae ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa ?innee nia?aiaiiie oaoieeie.

No?oeoo?a eiia/iie i?iaeoeoeee ioa/anoaaiiiai iaoeiino?iaiey ia ?oaaaea
iineaaeieo aeanyoeeaoee ioee/aeanue ooyaeaeaiiinoueth, e aunieie
noaiaiueth ieeeoa?ecaoeee. Aeiey aiaiiie oaoieee inoaaaeanue iaiiia?ii
aunieie i?e ?aceii ionoaaaiee auionea iio?aaeoaeueneeo oiaa?ia e
iniaaiii iai?oaeiaaiey aeey iai?iecaiaenoaaiiie noa?u. A ia?aie iieiaeia
80-o aiaeia ?ino i?iecaiaenoaa i?iaeoeoeee eiaanoeoeeiiiiai
iaoeiino?iaiey iieiinoueth i?ae?aoeeny, a ai aoi?ie iieiaeia ia/aeny
niaae, ia?aoaaeoee a ia/aea 90-o a iaaaeueiia iaaeaiea.

Oiaiueoaiea ni?ina a io?aneyo-iio?aaeoaeyo auioaeeei iaoeiino?iaiea
i?eniinaaeeaaoueny e oneiaeyi eniieueciaaiey aai i?iaeoeoeee, oaaee/eaay
auione oieaa?naeueiie oaoieee e aiaae?yy i?eieoeaiua oaoiieiaee. Yoi
i?eaaaeao e i?ae?auaieth auionea iaoeiaieie i?iaeoeoeee, aeaeueiaeoaio
naa?ouaaieth iaoeiino?ieoaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa e a eiia/iii n/aoa e
caoooaieth eiaanoeoeeiiiiai i?ioeanna e eeeaeaeaoeee aaciauo io?aneae
yeiiiieee (e?iia nu?ueaauo, iaeaaeathueo yenii?oiui iioaioeeaeii).

?aceia nie?auaiea i?iecaiaenoaa a ia/aea 90-o aiaeia iaiueoa cao?iioei
auione oiaa?ia aeeeoaeueiiai iieueciaaiey, oaeaeueiue aan eioi?uo aue
auoa n?aaeiaai aeaaiui ia?acii eaaeiaia aaoiiiaeeano?iaiea e
i?iecaiaenoai auoiaie oaoieee, i?e iaeaieaa auno?ii ?inoa oeai ia ieo e
aunieie ?aioaaaeueiinoe i?iecaiaenoaa. Oae, iniiaiie iniaaiiinoueth
i?ienoiaeyueo eciaiaiee auea i?eaioaoeey ia auione ioiineoaeueii
i?anoeaeiuo ecaeaeee i?e oooaeoaiee oneiaee auionea iiiaeo ae?oaeo, /oi
auei ai iiiaii iaoneiaeaii iie?iaeoaeuenoaaiiie oaiiaeaiiie iieeoeeie
ainoaea?noaa, iai?eia? a ioiioaiee aaoiiiaeeano?iaiey. Iiyoiio
ioiineoaeueiia aeaaiiieo/ea iaeioi?uo i?aaei?eyoee aeaiiie io?anee
a?aiaiii e a oneiaeyo iinoiyiiiai iiauoaiey ecaea?aeae i?iecaiaenoaa e
ia?anoathuae eiieo?aioeee ni noi?iiu eiino?aiiuo i?iecaiaeeoaeae
iaecaaaeiu niaae e ia?eiaee/aneea inoaiiaee i?iecaiaenoaa.

Ninoiyiea iaoeiino?iaiey oaeaea onoaoaeyeinue aunieei o?iaiai
eiioeaio?aoeee e iiiiiieeciii i?iecaiaenoaa. N?aaee 2/3 i?aaei?eyoee
eaaeaeia auioneaao nauoa 75% i?iaeoeoeee ii?aaeaeaiiiai aeaea, oi anoue
oaeoe/anee yaeyaony aa iiiiiieueiui i?iecaiaeeoaeai.

Ioee/eoaeueiie iniaaiiinoueth niaaea 1991-1993 aiaeia auea
ioiineoaeueiay noaaeeueiinoue ?acaeoey io?aneae e iiaeio?aneae,
ecaioaaeeaathueo iiaeeueioth oaoieeo, i?e iaaeaiee auionea i?iaeoeoeee a
io?aneyo, i?iecaiaeyueo oaoiieiae/aneia iai?oaeiaaiea. I?e/eia
caeeth/aaony a aieaa aunieie eeeaeaeiinoe iiaeeueiie oaoieee
ioiineoaeueii iai?oaeiaaiey, o?aaothuaai iiioaaea, auione eioi?iai noae
i?aauoaoue ieaoaaeaniiniaiue ni?in a ?acoeueoaoa ia?aiaeiieaiey ia?ea
aeaiiie oaoieee o iio?aaeoaey. Yoi ii?iaeeei na?ueaciua oeiainiaua e
i?iecaiaenoaaiiua i?iaeaiu, i?eaaaeoea e inoaiiaea ?yaea e?oiiaeoeo
i?aaei?eyoee.

Iniiaiie i?e/eiie nicaeaaoaainy iieiaeaiey yaeyaony ?aceia iaaeaiea
eiaanoeoeeiiiie aeoeaiinoe e nieaeaiea ni?ina ia iaoeiu e iai?oaeiaaiea.
Iniaaiii nieceeny iauai eaieoaeueiuo aeiaeaiee a i?iecaiaenoai
iai?oaeiaaiey aeey no?ieoaeuenoaa e a naeueneioicyenoaaiiia
iaoeiino?iaiea, a ni?in ia i?iaeoeoeeth eiaanoeoeeiiiiai iaoeiino?iaiey
a 1993 aiaeo nieceeny ii n?aaiaieth n 1990 a 3-4 ?aca.



A neeo ?anniio?aiiuo iaaeaaii?eyoiuo oaeoi?ia oaeaeueiue aan iaoeiaieeo
io?aneae nieceeny, oiaaea eae aeiey aaoiiiaeeueiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe
noaaeeece?iaaeanue. Oneiaeyie yoie noaaeeecaoeee yaeyaony naea?aeeaaiea
oa?eoia ia yia?aiiineoaee, i?iaeoeoeeth iaoaeeo?ae/aneiai e oeie/aneiai
eiiieaenia, aeaeaciiaei?iaeiua ia?aaicee, i?ieiiaaoeey
i?ioaeoeeiienoneeo oaiiaeaiiuo ia?. Ianiio?y ia ana iieiaeeoaeueiua
noi?iiu aeaiiiai i?ioeanna, aaoiiiaeeano?iaiea ioaeaeaaony a
?ano?oeoo?ecaoeee, ia /oi iio?aaothony i?aeiouanoaaiii oeaio?aeeciaaiiua
eaieoaeiaeiaeaiey, oae eae aeaoeaio?aeeciaaiiua n?aaenoaa e?aeia
iaaeinoaoi/iu. Aeieaeia iiaeaa?aiooueny eciaiaieyi e naia no?oeoo?a
auionea, oae eae iia iiea ia ioaa/aao nia?aiaiiui o?aaiaaieyi.
?aaeecaoeey no?oeoo?ii-oeaeaauo i?ia?aii naycaia ni cia/eoaeueiuie
eiaanoeoeeiiiuie cao?aoaie e a?aiaiai. Ii iaiaoiaeeiinoue, a aeaaiia
oniaoiinoue, eiiieaeniie no?oeoo?iie ia?ano?ieee aeieacaia iiuoii AI
AAC. Naiaa?aiaiii i?iaaaeaiiay ?ano?oeoo?ecaoeey i?iecaiaenoaa n
i?aaiecaoeeae auionea aaoiiiaeeae a?ociiiaeuaiiinoueth iieoi?u oiiiu e
aaoiiiaeeae n aeecaeueiuie aeaeaaoaeyie aeaea aiciiaeiinoue ia?aueaaoue
iauaiu i?iecaiaenoaa. Iai?eia?, ca 10 ianyoeaa 1995 aiaea oaiiu ?inoa
ninoaaeee 122,4% e niioaaonoaothuaio ia?eiaeo i?aaeuaeouaai aiaea.



A noaieieino?oiaioaeueiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe ?innee ia naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue
i?iecaiaenoai ana aieaa e aieaa i?eaioe?oaony ia ieaoaaeaniiniaiue
ni?in. Ii ni noi?iiu i?aaeiaai iniiaiiai iio?aaeoaey ainoaea?noaa ii
?acei nie?aoeeny, a oicyenoaothuea noauaeou ia eiiiaine?otho yoiai
nie?auaiey (iniaaiii ia neiaeioth iaoeiaieoth i?iaeoeoeeth), ioaeaaay
i?aaeii/oaiea aieaa aeaoaaiio e i?inoiio iai?oaeiaaieth, /oi aea/ao ca
niaie iioa?th caeacia, aieaciaiioth aeey noaieino?iaiey. Niaae
i?iecaiaenoaa iaoeiaieeo aeaeia iai?oaeiaaiey eaeao caeanue
iia?aaeathueie oaiiaie. Iieiaeaiea onoaoaeyaony iooieii
aunieieaaeeoeoee?iaaiiuo eaae?ia, a oii /enea ec iao/iuo e
eiino?oeoi?nei-oaoiieiae/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee. Ii nooe, aicieeea oa?ica
oo?aou ?inneae nianoaaiiiai noaieino?iaiey.

Ianniaie i?aeoeeie noaei inaiaiea a oeaeyo auaeeaaiey iai?ioeeueiie aeey
noaieino?iaiey i?iaeoeoeee. Oae, AI ENII ei. Naa?aeeiaa
(Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a) caiyeinue noaieaie aeey ia?aaioee a?aaai,
iai?oaeiaaieai aeey oaieueiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe; e?iia oiai, iii
i?iecaiaeeo aieueoia eiee/anoai iaaaeueiie oo?ieoo?u.



Iaeioi?ia iaeeaeaiea i?iecaiaenoaa a iaoeiino?iaiee i?aeoe/anee ia
io?aceeinue ia iiauoaiee ni?ina ia oaoiieiae/aneia iai?oaeiaaiea, oae
eae aai ia?e a ianoiyuaa a?aiy eniieuecoaony iaiaa /ai ia iieiaeio.
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, ii ia?a oaaee/aiey i?iecaiaenoaa i?iaeoeoeee ia
i?aaei?eyoeyo-iio?aaeoaeyo aoaeao ia?aiia/aeueii iiauoaoueny caa?ocea
oaea eiathuaainy iai?oaeiaaiey, eaeoe iaeiieaiea eaieoaea e oieueei
caoai iiaeao iiyaeoueny ia?niaeoeaa oaoie/aneiai ia?aaii?oaeaiey, a
neaaeiaaoaeueii i?eia?aoaiey iiaiai iai?oaeiaaiey.

Neaaia /anoiia e eiino?aiiia eiaanoe?iaaiea, iaeiaeoeaiue ni?in
iaainoaea?noaaiiiai naeoi?a ia oaoiieiae/aneia iai?oaeiaaiea aeaeaao
iaiaoiaeeiie inouanoaeaiea ainoaea?noaaiiie iiaeaea?aeee i?aaei?eyoee
aeaiiie io?anee. Yoi yeiiiie/anee, a ii?ie e no?aoaae/anee, yooaeoeaii,
iniaaiii a neo/aa eiii?oicaiauaiey. Oae, auaeaeyaoeany a 1993-1995
aiaeao ia yoa oeaee n?aaenoaa iicaieeee nicaeaoue i?iecaiaenoaaiiua
iiuiinoe ii auioneo eeiaeiuo iiaeoeiieeia ea/aiey ii eeoeaicee oe?iu TNK
(ssiiiey) ia AI Eeiaoeeee noaieino?ieoaeueiue caaiae. Yoe oceu yaeythony
iniiaie ?inneeneiai i?aoeeceiiiiai noaieino?iaiey, aei neo ii? iie auee
a iniiaiii i?aaeiaoii eiii?oa ec aeaeueiaai ca?oaaaeuey. Inaiaiiua
iiuiinoe ii i?iecaiaenoao neioaoe/aneeo aeiacia ia AI Oiiae iicaieytho
iieiinoueth ia?aeoe ia i?iecaiaenoai aeiaciiai eino?oiaioa ia iniiaa
?inneeneiai nu?uey acaiai aai eiii?oa n Oe?aeiu e A?iaiee, a oaeaea
noi?ie?iaaoue yenii?oiue iioaioeeae a iauaia 10 ieeeeiiia aeieea?ia a
aiae.

Yoe i?eia?u iieacuaatho aunieoth yooaeoeaiinoue ainoaea?noaaiiie
iiaeaea?aeee i?ei?eoaoiuo iai?aaeaiee ?acaeoey noaieino?ieoaeueiie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe.



Ii?aaeaeaiiay oaiaeaioeey e noaaeeecaoeee iaiaoeeanue n 1995 aiaea a
yeaeo?ioaoie/aneie i?iiuoeaiiinoe e i?eai?ino?iaiee. A 1995 aue oaaee/ai
auione yeaeo?iaeaeaaoaeae (ia 14%), ?yaea eaaaeueiuo ecaeaeee (neeiauo,
ai?iaeneeo oaeaoiiiuo). A oeaeyo ?anoe?aiey ?uieia nauoa e iienea iiauo
iio?aaeoaeae yeaeo?ioaoie/aneea e i?eai?ino?ieoaeueiua caaiaeu
i?enooieee e inaiaieth e i?iecaiaenoao i?iaeoeoeee, iieuecothuaeny
ni?inii, a oii /enea ?aiaa ecaioaaeeaaaoaeny a no?aiao NIA (iai?eia?,
ac?uaiaaciianiua yeaeo?iaeaeaaoaee, e?oiiua yeaeo?e/aneea iaoeiu,
eaaaeueiay i?iaeoeoeey). Yoiio oaeaea niinianoaiaaea i?ioaeoeeiienoneay
oaiiaeaiiay iieeoeea ainoaea?noaa, i?e eioi?ie iio?aaeoaeth auaiaeii
caeoiaoue yoo i?iaeoeoeeth o ?inneeneeo i?aaei?eyoee.

A ?aieao oaaea?aeueiie eiiiaaoeeiiiie i?ia?aiiu ii nicaeaieth
oaoie/aneeo n?aaenoa aeey iaycaoaeueiiai eanniaiai o/aoa aaaaeaiu
aeiiieieoaeueiua iiuiinoe ii auioneo 300 ouny/ eiio?ieueii-eanniauo
iaoei. Oaaee/aiea eo auionea niaeaenoaoao i?e?inoo iaeiaiauo iinooieaiee
a athaeaeao ?innee, oii?yaei/aieth eiio?iey ca aeaiaaeiui ia?auaieai a
noa?a oi?aiaee.

Ca iineaaeiea /aou?a aiaea a ?acoeueoaoa iaieaoaaeaniiniaiinoe naeueneeo
oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeae i?iecaiaenoai naeueneioicyenoaaiiie oaoieee ?acei
nie?aoeeinue, aieueoeinoaii caaiaeia i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iiuiinoe
eniieuecothony ia 10-15%. A naieo oicyenoaao caiaoii nie?auaaony ia?e
naeueneioicyenoaaiiie oaoieee.

A oneiaeyo neeueiiai naeaoey ni?ina ia naeueneioicyenoaaiioth oaoieeo
nae/an i?aaeiieaaaaony i?iaaaeaiea ia?ii?eyoee ii onei?aieth i?ioeanna
aaeaioaoeee i?aaei?eyoee e?uieo (no?oeoo?iay ia?ano?ieea i?iecaiaenoaa,
?anoe?aiea ?uiea nauoa oaoieee ia yenii?o, nicaeaiea ia i?aaei?eyoeyo
oi?aiauo aeiiia, i?iaaaeaiea y?ia?ie-aunoaaie). Aeey ?aoaiey i?iaeaiu
iaieaoaaeae ia i?aaei?eyoeyo io?anee aoaeoo i?iaiaeeoueny aa?oa?iua
iia?aoeee e acaeiica/aou, oe?a eniieueciaaoueny aaenaey e
ainoaea?noaaiiua eacia/aeneea aeeaou. Iniaaiii ia?niaeoeaiie oi?iie
ii?iaeecaoeee nauoa i?aaenoaaeyaony i?aeoeeoaiia oaea iaania/aiea
aa?ii?iiuoeaiiiai eiiieaena iaoeiino?ieoaeueiie i?iaeoeoeeae ia iniiaa
aeieain?i/iie a?aiaeu eeceiaa.

A 1995 aiaeo iaiaoeeanue oaiaeaioeey e noaaeeecaoeee iauaiia
i?iecaiaenoaa ii iaeioi?ui aeaeai i?iaeoeoeee oyaeaeiai iaoeiino?iaiey,
a ii ae?oaei oaaee/aiea auionea. Yoi ioiineony e i?iecaiaenoao
iai?oaeiaaiey aeey /a?iie iaoaeeo?aee e ai?iiaeiauaathuae
i?iiuoeaiiinoe: iaoeiu aeey iai?a?uaiiai eeouey caaioiaie e
aaeiia?aoeeiiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa (AI O?aeiao e AI THaeo?aeiao), ao?iaua
noaiee aeey ioaeae ai?iiaeiauaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe (AI Aocoeoeneee
caaiae oyaeaeiai iaoeiino?iaiey). I?aaei?eyoey noaee aieaa aeoeaii aanoe
?aaioo ii iieneo ieaoaaeaniiniaiuo caeac/eeia ec-ca eiieo?aioeee ni
noi?iiu eiino?aiiuo iinoaaueeia aiaeiae/iiai iai?oaeiaaiey.

Neooaoeey a yia?aaoe/aneii iaoeiino?iaiee noaaeeece?iaaeanue ec-ca
iaeioi?iai oaaee/aiey auionea ia?iauo oo?aei, iaoneiaeaiiiai yenii?oiuie
iinoaaeaie iai?oaeiaaiey, a iniiaiii a Eeoae, E?ai e no?aiu Ainoi/iie
Aa?iiu. I?iecaiaenoai aeecaeae e aeecaeue-aaia?aoi?ia noaaeeece?iaaeinue
ia o?iaia 1995 aiaea. I?e yoii iaiaoeeanue oaiaeaioeey e inaiaieth
i?iecaiaenoaa aeecaeae ii eeoeaiceyi ca?oaaaeiuo oe?i, /oi aeaao
aiciiaeiinoue caaiaeai aeaiiie iiaeio?anee anooieoue a eiieo?aioioth
ai?ueao ia ie?iaii ?uiea.

A iiaeio?anee aaaiiino?iaiey iauaiu i?iecaiaenoaa ii?aaeaeythony
oeiainiauie aiciiaeiinoyie iniiaiiai caeac/eea Ieienoa?noaa iooae
niiauaiey ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. Ia nae?ao, /oi iie ia?aie/aiu e ia
iicaieytho nouanoaaiii ia?aueaaoue auione oae iaiaoiaeeiiai aeaeaciui
aei?iaai ?innee iiaeaeaeiiai ninoaaa. A nayce n yoei i?iecaiaenoai
a?ociauo aaaiiia aic?inei iacia/eoaeueii.

I?aaeaeaeeony eciaiaiea no?oeoo?u auionea iannaaee?neeo aaaiiia. Oae, AI
Oaa?neie aaaii-caaiae, ia?aueaaao auione iannaaee?neeo eoiaeiuo aaaiiia,
niioaaonoaothueo nia?aiaiiui o?aaiaaieyi eiioi?oiinoe e aaciianiinoe
aeaeaeaiey. Oai naiui nicaeaaony aiciiaeiinoue i?ae?aoeoue eo eiii?o ec
Aa?iaiee. Oaeaeueiue aan eoiaeiuo aaaiiia a iauai auionea aaaiiia
eieiiioeaiie oyae aic?in a 1996 ia 39% i?ioeaioia. Ia AI Aeaieoianeee
iaocaaiae i?aaieciaai auione aaaiiia yeeo?iiiacaeia aianoi i?eia?aoaaiuo
a Eaoaee. Aaaaeaiiua ia aeaiiii i?aaei?eyoee iiuiinoe ii i?iecaiaenoao
aei 500 aaaiiia a aiae iicaieytho auioneaoue iieiinoueth eiiieaeoiua
iiacaea.

A aeeaeaeoea aiaeu aeaaea i?e oneiaee eiaanoeoeeiiiie aeoeaiinoe ia
neaaeoao iaeeaeaoue nouanoaaiiiai ?inoa ni?ina ia no?ieoaeueioth e
aei?iaeioth oaoieeo. Oai aieaa /oi a no?ieoaeueiii eiiieaena nouanoaoao
neiaeeaoeeny aei 1995 aiaea ia?e no?ieoaeueiie oaoieee, eioi?ue
caa?oaeai nae/an ia aieaa /ai ia iieiaeio. Iaeiaei ia?aiao?u iaiiaeaiey
auioneaaiie i?iaeoeoeee oooaeoeeenue. Yoi yaeaiea naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i
oii, /oi a io?anee ia i?ienoiaeeo aaeaioaoeey e iiaui oneiaeyi
ooieoeeiie?iaaiey ca n/ao eciaiaiey ea/anoaa i?iaeoeoeee. Ca iineaaeiea
3 aiaea eioaineaiinoue iaiiaeaiey oiaea ia 40%, a aeiey aia?aua
inaaeaaaiie oaoieee a 2 ?aca. Ia i?aaei?eyoeyo aeaiiie io?anee niiniaiu
oe?aaee?iaaoue onoa?aaoea oaoieeo e oaoiieiaee.

Iiaeaiaey eoia anaio auoaneacaiiiio, iiaeii ii?aaeaeaiii ooaa?aeaeaoue,
/oi ninoiyiea ?acaeoey iaoeiino?ieoaeueiiai eiiieaena ?innee
ii?aaeaeyaony ia i?inoi ni?iniauie, a eiaanoeoeeiiiuie ia?aie/aieyie.
Eiaiii iie oi?iicyo ?ano?oeoo?ecaoeeth i?iecaiaenoaa, a iniiaa eioi?ie
aeieaeii eaaeaoue oeo/oaiea ea/anoaa i?iaeoeoeee, a neaaeiaaoaeueii, e
iiauoaiea aa eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe.



Iaeiiaoe, iaiaoiaeeii aeaoue iaiauaiiia i?aaenoaaeaiey i neiaeiie
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneie neooaoeee, neiaeeaoaeny a i?iiuoeaiiinoe a
iineaaeiea aiaeu. Iia iaoneiaeaia oai, /oi ia?anoathuee a iineaaeiea 2
aiaea aae iaieaoaaeae oaaee/ee aeieth oauoi/iuo i?aaei?eyoee: niaeanii
aeaiiui Ieiyeiiiieee ?O eo aeiey a i?iiuoeaiiinoe ninoaaeyea a yiaa?a
1995a. 23.5%, a ia?oa 25.5%, a ethia 30%. A iaoeiino?iaiee aea ai
aoi?ie iieiaeia 1995 aiaea auei 81.5% oauoi/iuo i?aaei?eyoee.
*eneaiiinoue aac?aaioiuo a aeaiiii eiiieaena oaaee/eeanue a aieueoae
noaiaie, iaaeaee a i?iiuoeaiiinoe a oeaeii (ia 76% i?ioea 52%).

Ioeoeeaeueiua noaoenoe/aneea aeaiiua iineaaeieo eao iieacuaatho, /oi
ne?uoay aac?aaioeoea (caiyoinoue n iaiieiui ?aai/ei aeiai eee iaaeaeae)
a oeaeii a i?iiuoeaiiinoe oiaiueoeeanue. Ianeaaeiaaiea aea, i?iaaaeaiiia
a eiioea i?ioeiai aiaea naieo-iaoa?ao?aneei oeaio?ii O?oae-iiieoi?eia
iieacaei, /oi aeiey ?aai/eo iaoeiino?ieoaeueiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe, caiyouo
iaiieiue ?aai/ee aeaiue eee ioi?aaeaiiuo a ioione ii eieoeeaoeaa
aaeieieno?aoeee au?inea n 18.2% aei 26%. N?aaee caiyouo ia
iaoeiino?ieoaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoeyo ?anoao iio?aaiinoue ai aoi?e/iie
caiyoinoe. I ia yoii cayaeee 86.9% ii?ioaiiuo ?aai/eo, a o 84.6% cayaeee
i oii, /oi o ieo ?aaoey?ii ianyoe e aieaa caaea?aeeaaaony auieaoa
ca?ieaou.

Iniaaiii oyaeaeay neooaoeey neiaeeeanue a iai?iiiii eiiieaena, aaea
/eneaiiinoue i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai ia?niiaea nie?auaaony aeaaea auno?aa,
/ai a oeaeii ii iaoeiino?iaieth. Iaeaieaa caiaoii oiaea caiyoinoue a
yeaeo?iiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe e a i?iecaiaenoaa niaoen?aaenoa nayce.
Nio?aiyaony ionoaaaiea e a ca?aaioiie ieaoa: a 1994a. iia ninoaaeyea 67%
io n?aaeiaai o?iaiy ii i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Ana yoi iaoneaaeeaaao iooie
aunieieaaeeoeoee?iaaiiuo niaoeeaeenoia ec enneaaeiaaoaeueneeo
i?aaiecaoeee e eiino?oeoi?neeo ath?i, a oii /enea e ca a?aieoeo.
Iniaaiii oyaeaeia iieiaeaiea neiaeeeinue a oao ?aaeiiao, aaea
i?aaei?eyoey AIE ea?atho ?ieue a?aaeiia?acothueo i?aaei?eyoee (O?ae,
Oaeio?oey, iaeioi?ua iaeanoe Oeaio?aeueiiai yeiiiie/aneiai ?aeiia).

*?acau/aeii iaiaoiaeeii oaea nae/an i?eieiaoue ia?u aeey ei??aeoe?iaee
aua?aiiiai ?uii/iiai eo?na. Anee yoiai ia naeaeaoue, oi a aeeaeaeoaa
a?aiy ianneienoe/aneea iano?iaiey e nioeeaeueiay iai?yaeaiiinoue aoaeoo
ia?anoaoue, /oi nicaeano oa?ico aeaeueiaeoaai iino?iaiey
nioeeaeueii-i?eaioe?iaaiiie ?uii/iie yeiiiieee a ?innee.





CAEETH*AIEA



Iaioeiaeiua ioaeaeu ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa, aucaaiiua iaiaoiaeeiinoueth
oiaey au ieieiaeueiie iiaeaea?aeee oaoiieiae/aneiai o?iaiy a
iaoeiino?ieoaeueiii eiiieaena, ii?aaeaeytho i?ei?eoaou
no?oeoo?ii-eiaanoeoeeiiiie iieeoeee a iaoeiino?iaiee. O?aaoaony
ii?iaeeciaaoue eiaanoeoeeiiiue i?ioeann iooai ainnoaiiaeaiey ni?ina ia
iai?oaeiaaiey e iaae?aaeiiaeueiuo eiiia?aoeeiiiuo naycae. Iniaaiii
aaaeii aic?iaeeoue ni?in ia iai?oaeiaaiey a aaciauo,
aeeciaiaania/eaathueo io?aneyo ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. A ?acoeueoaoa
noaiao aiciiaeiui aic?iaeaeaiea iaeaieaa ionoaeuo io?aneae
iaoeiino?iaiey n ia?acaeoie no?oeoo?ie i?iecaiaenoaa.

A oneiaeyo niaaea i?iecaiaenoaa a io?aneyo iaoeiino?iaiey oeaeaniia?acii
ia?aie/eoue caeoiee ca ?oaaaeii oaoieee, aiaeiae eioi?ie auioneathony
eee iiaoo auioneaoueny a ?innee. Yoi iicaieeo iiauneoue caa?oceo
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiuiinoae e iiaeao, a nayce n iinoaaeie ?yaea aeaeia
eiiieaeoothueo aeaoaeae e iai?oaeiaaiey, ainnoaiiaeoue ?aci?aaiiua
i?iecaiaenoaaiii-eiiia?aoeeiiiua nayce ni no?aiaie aeeaeiaai ca?oaaaeuey
e auaoeie no?aiaie NYA. Aianoa n oai iaiaoiaeeia ainoaea?noaaiiay
iiaeaea?aeea oao iiaeio?aneae iaoeiino?ieoaeueiiai eiiieaena (i?aaeaea
anaai iai?iiiuo), /uee i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iiuiinoe iicaieytho i?iaanoe
oaoie/aneia ia?aaii?oaeaiea i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai aiia?aoa no?aiu.

Aeey ?aaeecaoeee no?oeoo?ii-eiaanoeoeeiiiie iieeoeee no?aiu iaiaoiaeeii
neiioeaio?e?iaaoue ia i?ei?eoaoiuo iai?aaeaieyo cia/eoaeueiua n?aaenoaa.
Ii iauai eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee, oi?ie?oaiuo ca n/ao nianoaaiiuo n?aaenoa
i?aaei?eyoee, a ianoiyuaa a?aiy ia?aie/ai a ?acoeueoaoa ?inoa oeai ia
eiaanoeoeeiiiua ?ano?nu e ec-ca eaoano?ioe/aneiai oeiainiaiai iieiaeaiey
naieo i?aaei?eyoee. Iaeiei ec aeiiieieoaeueiuo enoi/ieeia
eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee a ioa/anoaaiiia iaoeiino?iaiea yaeythony /anoiua
eiaanoeoeee. Iaeiaei aiciiaeiinoue i?eaea/aiey /anoiuo eiaanoeoeee
ia?aie/aia ocinoueth noa? aeey eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee. Ii iaeioi?ui ioeaieai,
eiaanoeoeeiiiay i?eaeaeaoaeueiinoue iaoeiino?iaiey a oeaeii iaauniea, a
oi a?aiy eae ?aeoeia io?aneae n yenii?oii-nu?ueaaie i?eaioaoeeae
iaoiaeeony ia aunieii o?iaia. Aianoa n oai ianooaaiia i?eaea/aiea
n?aaenoa /anoiuo (ioa/anoaaiiuo e ca?oaaaeiuo) eiaanoi?ia a oaeea
iiaeio?anee, eae naeueneioicyenoaaiiia iaoeiino?iaiea e iaoeiino?iaiea
aeey ia?a?aaioee naeueneioicyenoaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee a aeeaeaeoaa a?aiy
aiiaua iaeiaa?iyoii.

Iiyoiio iniiaiay iaa?ocea ii iiaeaea?aeaieth aeecianiiniaiinoe
iaoeiino?iaiey aeey aaciauo io?aneae ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa eiaeeony ia
iea/e ainoaea?noaa.

Aeaeeia?aoey:



1. Aaia?aoey ?innee; ianaeaiea e oicyenoai: o/aaiee aeey
iauaia?aciaaoaeueiuo o/aaiuo caaaaeaiee. A.ss. ?ii, A.I. Ae?iiia, I.
1995 aiae.

2. ?aciauaiea i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee. A.A. Eenoaiia, I.A. Eiiueia,
A.O. O?ouaa, I. 1994 aiae.

3. Yeiiiie/aneay e nioeeaeueiay aaia?aoey, ni?aai/iua iaoa?eaeu. A.I.
Ae?iiia, A.I. Iaenaeianeee, A.ss. ?ii, I. 1994 aiae.

4. Yeiiiieea iaoeiino?ieoaeueiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe: o/aaiia iiniaey aeey
nooaeaioia aocia, iao/athueony ii niaoeeaeueiinoe Yeiiiieea e
i?aaiecaoeey iaoeiino?ieoaeueiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe. I.E. I?eiaa, E.I.
Eoeaoaae/, iiae ?aae. A.A. E?athoeia, I. 1987 aiae.

5. ?aaeiiaeueiay yeiiiieea, iiae ?aaeaeoeeae i?io. O.A. Ii?iciaie, I.
1995a.

6. Iieiaeaiea a iaoeiino?ieoaeueiii eiiieaena ?innee. AEEE ?55-56,
16.05.1996, no?. 3-5.

7. Iaoeiino?ieoaeueiue eiiieaen: ninoiyiea e aa?eaiou ?acaeoey a 1996
aiaeo. (Iaci?.) Iiaeaioiaeai ii iaoa?eaeai aeaia?oaiaioa iaoeiino?iaiey
Ieiyeiiiieee ?O. Yeiiiieno ?1, 1996, no?. 32-40.

8. Eiiiaaoeeiiiay noa?a: ninoiyiea e ia?niaeoeau. Eiiia I., Yeiiiieno
?10, 1993, no?. 37-46.

9. Iauanoai e yeiiiieea Iniiaiua nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneea iieacaoaee
i?iiuoeaiiinoe ca 1995 a. Iaoa?eaeu Aineiinoaoa ?O. ??1-2, 1996,
no?.233-236.

10. Nioeeaeueii-o?oaeiaua i?iaeaiu ?inneeneie yeiiiieee a 1995 a. A.
Aiiiinaeia. ?inneeneee yeiiiie/aneee aeo?iae. ?10, 1995, no?. 31-40.

11. Eiiiaaoeeiiiay aeayoaeueiinoue a iaoeiino?iaiee. A. Oi?ioeeia.
Yeiiiieno, ?7, 1995, no?.32-40.

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