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НАУЧНАЯ БИБЛИОТЕКА - РЕФЕРАТЫ - Реферат: Минералогия (RTF)
Реферат: Минералогия (RTF)
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Eo?n eaeoeee ii ieia?aeiaee
E?enoaeee/aneia aauanoai e aai no?iaiea. E?enoaeeu - oaa?aeua oaea
eiathuea iiiaia?aiioth oi?io, a neaaathuea eo /anoeoeu (aoiiu, iieaeoeu,
eiiu) ?aniieiaeaiu caeiiiia?ii. Iiaa?oiinoue e?enoaeeia ia?aie/aia
ieineinoyie, eioi?ua iinyo iacaaiea a?aiae. Ianoa niaaeeiaiey a?aiae
iacuaathony ??a?aie, oi/ee ia?ana/aiey eioi?uo iacuaathony aa?oeiaie eee
oaeaie. A?aie, ??a?a e aa?oeiu e?enoaeeia naycaiu caaeneiinoueth: /enei
a?aiae + /enei aa?oei = /enei ??aa? + 2. A aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa
e?enoaeee/aneea aauanoaa ia eiatho ynii ia?ai?iiie oi?iu, oioy e
iaeaaeatho caeiiiia?iui aioo?aiiei e?enoaeee/aneei no?iaieai.
Onoaiiaeaii, /oi e?enoaeeu iino?iaiu ec iaoa?eaeueiuo /anoeoe - eiiia,
aoiiia eee iieaeoe, aaiiao?e/anee i?aaeeueii ?aniieiaeaiiuo a
i?ino?ainoaa.
Naienoaa e?enoaeee/aneeo aauanoa. Iniiaiua naienoaa neaaeothuea:
1. Aiecio?iiiinoue (o.a. ia?aaiinaienoaaiiinoue). Aiecio?iiiuie
iacuaathony oaeea aauanoaa, eioi?ua eiatho iaeeiaeiaua naienoaa a
ia?aeeaeueiuo iai?aaeaieyo e iaiaeeiaeiaua - a iaia?aeeaeueiuo.
?acee/iua oece/aneea naienoaa e?enoaeeia, oaeea, eae oaieii?iaiaeiinoue,
oaa?aeinoue, oi?oainoue, ?ani?ino?aiaiea naaoa e ae?., eciaiythony n
eciaiaieai iai?aaeaiey. A i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoue aiecio?iiiui, ecio?iiiua
oaea eiatho iaeeiaeiaua naienoaa ai anao iai?aaeaieyo.
2. Niiniaiinoue naiiia?aiyoueny. Yoie niaoeeoe/aneie iniaaiiinoueth
iaeaaeatho oieueei e?enoaeee/aneea aauanoaa. I?e naiaiaeiii ?inoa
e?enoaeeu ia?aie/eaathony ieineeie a?aiyie e i?yiuie ??a?aie, i?eieiay
iiiaia?aiioth oi?io.
3. Neiiao?ey. Neiiao?eae iacuaaaony caeiiiia?iay iiaoi?yaiinoue a
?aniieiaeaiee i?aaeiaoia eee eo /anoae ia ieineinoe eee a i?ino?ainoaa.
Ana e?enoaeeu yaeythony oaeaie neiiao?e/iuie
No?iaiea e?enoaeee/aneie ?ao?oee. Iaoa?eaeueiua /anoeoeu (aoiiu, eiiu,
iieaeoeu) a e?enoaeee/aneii aauanoaa ?aciauathony ia oaioe/ii, a a
ii?aaeae?iiii no?iaii ii?yaeea. Iie ?aniieiaeaiu ia?aeeaeueiuie
?yaeaie, i?e/?i ?annoiyiey iaaeaeo iaoa?eaeueiuie /anoeoeaie yoeo ?yaeia
iaeeiaeiau. Yoa caeiiiia?iinoue a no?iaiee e?enoaeeia au?aaeaaony
aaiiao?e/anee a aeaea i?ino?ainoaaiiie ?ao?oee, yaeythuaeny eae au
neaeaoii aauanoaa.
I?aaenoaaeoue i?ino?ainoaaiioth ?ao?oeo iiaeii eae aaneiia/ii aieueoia
/enei iaeeiaeiauo ii oi?ia e ?acia?o ia?aeeaeaieiaaeia, naeaeioouo
ioiineoaeueii ae?oaiai e neiaeaiiuo oae, /oi iie auiieiytho i?ino?ainoai
aac i?iiaaeooeia. Aa?oeiu ia?aeeaeaieiaaeia, a eioi?uo iaoiaeyony aoiiu,
eiiu eee iieaeoeu, iacuaathony oceaie i?ino?ainoaaiiie ?ao?oee, a i?yiua
eeiee, i?iaaae?iiua /a?ac ieo, - ?yaeaie. Ethaay ieineinoue, eioi?ay
i?ioiaeeo /a?ac o?e ocea i?ino?ainoaaiiie ?ao?oee (ia eaaeaueo ia iaeiie
i?yiie), iacuaaaony ieineie naoeie. Yeaiaioa?iue ia?aeeaeaieiaae, a
aa?oeiao eioi?iai iaoiaeyony oceu ?ao?oee, iineo iacaaiea y/aeee aeaiiie
i?ino?ainoaaiiie ?ao?oee.
Oaeei ia?acii, e?enoaeee/aneia aauanoai eiaao no?iai caeiiiia?iia
(?aoeeoey?iia) no?iaiea.
Oece/aneea naienoaa ieia?aeia, eae io?aaeaiea eo aioo?aiiaai no?iaiey.
Ana aaaeiaeoea naienoaa e?enoaeee/aneeo aauanoa yaeythony neaaenoaeai eo
aioo?aiiaai caeiiiia?iiai no?iaiey. Oae, iai?eia?, aiecio?iiiinoue
e?enoaeeia iiaeii eaaei oynieoue, anee aanoe ecia?aiea eaeeo-eeai
naienoa a ?acee/iuo iai?aaeaieyo. Iniaaiii /?oei aiecio?iiey auyaeyaony
a iioe/aneeo naienoaao e?enoaeeia, ia /?i iniiaai iaeei ec aaaeiaeoeo
iaoiaeia eo eco/aiey, i?eiaiyaiue a ieia?aeiaee e iao?ia?aoee.
Niiniaiinoue e?enoaeeia naiiia?aiyoueny oaeaea yaeyaony anoanoaaiiui
neaaenoaeai eo aioo?aiiaai no?iaiey. A?aie e?enoaeeia niioaaonoaotho
ieineei naoeai, ??a?a - ?yaeai, a aa?oeiu oaeia - oceai i?ino?ainoaaiiie
?ao?oee. I?ino?ainoaaiiay ?ao?oea eiaao aaneiia/iia iiiaeanoai ieineeo
naoie, ?yaeia e oceia. Ii ?aaeueiui a?aiyi iiaoo niioaaonoaiaaoue eeoue
oa ieineea naoee ?ao?oee, eioi?ua eiatho iaeaieueooth ?aoeeoey?ioth
ieioiinoue, o.a. ia eioi?uo ia aaeeieoeo ieiuaaee aoaeao i?eoiaeeoueny
iaeaieueoaa /enei ninoaaeythueo a? /anoeoe (aoiiia, eiiia). Oaeeo
ieineeo naoie n?aaieoaeueii iaiiiai, ionthaea e e?enoaeeu eiatho aiieia
ii?aaeae?iiia /enei a?aiae.
No?oeoo?a e?enoaeea, o.a. ?aniieiaeaiea a i?i ioaeaeueiuo /anoeoe,
yaeyaony neiiao?e/iie. Neaaeiaaoaeueii e nai e?enoaee aoaeao iaeaaeaoue
ieineinoyie e inyie neiiao?ee.
Ia?aciaaiea e ?ino e?enoaeeia. E?enoaeeu aicieeatho i?e ia?aoiaea
aauanoaa ec ethaiai aa?aaaoiiai ninoiyiey a oa??aeia. I?e yoii /anoeoeu
iiaoo ieacaoueny ioiineoaeueii ae?oa ae?oaa a aanii?yaei/iii iieiaeaiee
eee iiaeao aicieeiooue caeiiiia?iinoue eo ?aniieiaeaiey. A ia?aii neo/aa
iu aoaeai eiaoue aii?oiia aauanoai, a ai aoi?ii e?enoaeee/aneia.
E?enoaeeu iiaoo ia?aciauaaoueny i?e ia?aoiaeao aauanoaa ec aaciia?aciiai
ninoiyiey a oa??aeia, ec aeeaeeiai a oa??aeia e ec oa??aeiai a oa??aeia.
Ia?aciaaiea e?enoaeeia na?u, iaoaou?y, ai?iie eeneiou e ae?. i?ienoiaeeo
i?e ioeaaeaeaiee aacia a e?aoa?ao aoeeaiia e ooia?ieao. Iaeaieaa iau/iui
i?eia?ii yaeyaony ia?aciaaiea niaaa.
Iniaaiii oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaii a i?e?iaea e oaoieea ia?aciaaiea
e?enoaeeia i?e ia?aoiaea aauanoaa ec aeeaeeiai ninoiyiey a oa??aeia.
Caeanue iaaei ?acee/aoue aeaa neo/ay ia?aciaaiey e?enoaeeia: ec ?anieaaa
e ec ?anoai?a. I?eia?ii ia?aiai neo/ay yaeyaony e?enoaeeecaoeey iaaiu.
Iaaia - iaiaiii - aeeaeeee neeeeaoiue ?anieaa, niaea?aeauee ?acee/iua
oeie/aneea niaaeeiaiey, a oii /enea e aacu. I?e iaaeeaiiii inouaaiee
iaaiu ia?acoaony iiiaeanoai oeaio?ia e?enoaeeecaoeee, e?enoaeeu ?anooo,
iaoay ae?oa ae?oao, e a ?acoeueoaoa ia?acoaony e?enoaeee/aneay ca?ienoay
ii?iaea.
I?eia?aie ia?aciaaiey e?enoaeeia ec ?anoai?ia iiaoo neoaeeoue
ia?aciaaiea eueaea e auiaaeaiea ?acee/iuo nieae.
I?e ia?aoiaea ec oa??aeiai ninoiyiey a oa??aeia neaaeoao ioiaoeoue aeaa
neo/ay. I?e iaeieo i?ioeannao e?enoaeee/aneia aauanoai iiaeao
ia?aciauaaoueny ec aii?oiiai. Oae, n oa/aiea a?aiaie
cae?enoaeeeciauaathony no?eea e niaea?aeauea no?eea aoeeaie/aneea
ii?iaeu. Ae?oaie i?ioeann - ia?ae?enoaeeecaoeey: no?oeoo?a iaeieo
aauanoa ?ac?ooaaony e ia?acothony iiaua e?enoaeeu n eiie no?oeoo?ie. Ana
iaoaii?oe/aneea ii?iaeu yaeythony a oie eee eiie noaiaie
ia?ae?enoaeeeciaaiiuie. Iiae aeeyieai oaiia?aoo?u, aeaaeaiey e ae?oaeo
oaeoi?ia ecaanoiye ia?aoiaeeo a i?aii?. ssaeaiea ia?ae?enoaeeecaoeee
oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaii a i?e?iaea.
?ino e?enoaeeia. Iaeaiueeea e?enoaeeeee iau/ii eiatho aieueoia /enei
a?aiae, ii a i?ioeanna ?inoa iaeioi?ua a?aie ca?anoatho. Ii?iaee e
a?aiyi anoue iai?aaeaiey eo ?inoa, o.a. a i?ioeanna ?inoa a?aie
ia?aiauathony ia?aeeaeueii naiei naaa. Ia ana a?aie ?anooo n iaeeiaeiaie
nei?inoueth. Oa ec ieo, eioi?ua ?anooo auno?aa, oiaiueoathony a ?acia?ao
e iiaoo en/aciooue, iiyoiio oi?ia e?enoaeea a i?ioeanna aai ?inoa
eciaiyaony.
Eiiaaea ano?a/athony oae iacuaaaiua ciiaeueiua e?enoaeeu. Ciiaeueiinoue
eo iiaeao auoue iaoneiaeaia ia?a?uaaie a e?enoaeeecaoeee eee eaeeie-eeai
i?eianyie e ie?aoeaathueie aauanoaaie, eioi?ua i?enoonoaiaaee a
ii?aaeae?iiua iiiaiou e?enoaeeecaoeee.
Aeaeu neiiao?ee. Eeanneoeeaoeey e?enoaeeia ii aeaeo neiiao?ee. Neiiao?ey
anoue caeiiiia?iay iiaoi?yaiinoue a ?aniieiaeaiee i?aaeiaoia eee eo
/anoae ia ieineinoe eee a i?ino?ainoaa. A i?e?iaea neiiao?ey i?iyaeyaony
a aieueoii ?aciiia?acee e iniaaiii oa?aeoa?ia aeey e?enoaeeia. Iia
yaeyaony eo aaaeiaeoei e niaoeeoe/aneei naienoaii, io?aaeathuei
caeiiiia?iinoue aioo?aiiaai no?iaiey.
?anniio?ei yeaiaiou neiiao?ee.
1. Ieineinoue neiiao?ee. Yoi aiia?aaeaaiay ieineinoue, eioi?ay aeaeeo
oeao?o ia aeaa ?aaiua /anoe oae, /oi iaeia ec /anoae yaeyaony
ca?eaeueiui io?aaeaieai ae?oaie. Ieineinoue neiiao?ee iaicia/aaony
aoeaie ?. Anee ieineinoae neiiao?ee a aeaiiii e?enoaeea ianeieueei, oi
ia?aae iaicia/aieai ieineinoe noaaeony eo /enei, iai?eia? - 3?, o?e
ieineinoe neiiao?ee. A e?enoaeeao iiaoo auoue iaeia, aeaa, o?e, /aou?a,
iyoue, oanoue, naiue e aeaayoue ieineinoae neiiao?ee. Iiiaea e?enoaeeu
aiiaua ia eiatho ie iaeiie ieineinoe neiiao?ee.
2. Oeaio? neiiao?ee. Oeaio?ii neiiao?ee iacuaaaony oaeay oi/ea aioo?e
oeao?u, i?e i?iaaaeaiee /a?ac eioi?oth ethaay i?yiay ano?aoeo ia ?aaiii
io iae ?annoiyiee iaeeiaeiaua e ia?aoii ?aniieiaeaiiua /anoe oeao?u.
Oeaio? neiiao?ee iaicia/aaony aoeaie N (eee i). Anee eaaeaeay a?aiue
e?enoaeea eiaao naaa ?aaioth, oioy e ia?aoii ?aniieiaeaiioth a?aiue, oi
aeaiiue e?enoaee iaeaaeaao oeaio?ii neiiao?ee. Iaeioi?ua e?enoaeeu iiaoo
ia eiaoue oeaio?a neiiao?ee.
3. Ine neiiao?ee. Inueth neiiao?ee iacuaaaony aiia?aaeaaiay i?yiay, i?e
iiai?ioa aie?oa eioi?ie anaaaea ia iaeei e oio aea oaie i?ienoiaeeo
niaiauaiea ?aaiuo /anoae oeao?u. I?e iiai?ioa ia 360 niaiauaiea a?aiae a
?aciuo e?enoaeeao aiciiaeii aeaa, o?e, /aou?a eee oanoue ?ac (o.a. i?e
eaaeaeii iiai?ioa ia 180, 120, 90 e 60). Inue neiiao?ee iaicia/aaony
aoeaie L, ii?yaeie ine iieacuaaao, neieueei ?ac i?e iiai?ioa ia 360
i?iecieae?o niaiauaiea eaaeaeie ec a?aiae. Oae a e?enoaeeao aiciiaeiu
ine aoi?iai L2, o?aoueaai L3, /aoa??oiai L4 e oanoiai L6 ii?yaeeia. Ine
neiiao?ee L3, L4, L6 iacuaathony inyie neiiao?ee aunoaai ii?yaeea. Ine
neiiao?ee ieoiai e auoa oanoiai ii?yaeea a neeo caeiiiia?iinoe
aioo?aiiaai no?iaiey e?enoaeeia iaaiciiaeiu. Inue neiiao?ee ia?aiai
ii?yaeea L1 iieacuaaao, /oi aeey niaiauaiey oeao?u n a? ia/aeueiui
iieiaeaieai ioaeii naeaeaoue iiai?io ia 360; yoi niioaaonoaoao iieiiio
ionoonoaeth neiiao?ee, eai ethaie i?aaeiao i?e iiai?ioa ia 360 aie?oa
ethaiai ?aaeueiiai iai?aaeaiey niaianoeony n naiei niaie.
4. Eiaa?neiiiua ine neiiao?ee. Eiaa?neiiiie inueth neiiao?ee (Li)
iacuaaaony aiia?aaeaaiay i?yiay, i?e iiai?ioa aie?oa eioi?ie ia
iaeioi?ue ii?aaeae?iiue oaie e io?aaeaiee a oeaio?aeueiie oi/ea oeao?u
(eae a oeaio?a neiiao?ee) oeao?a niaiauaaony naia n niaie, o.a.
eiaa?neiiiay inue i?aaenoaaeyao niaianoiia aeaenoaea ine neiiao?ee e
oeaio?a neiiao?ee. I?e yoii ioaeii ioiaoeoue, /oi ia e?enoaeeao oeaio?
neiiao?ee iiaeao ia i?iyaeyoueny a aeaea naiinoiyoaeueiiai yeaiaioa
neiiao?ee.
A e?enoaeeao aiciiaeiu oieueei 32 ni/aoaiey yeaiaioia neiiao?ee (32
aeaea neiiao?ee). Aeaeu neiiao?ee iauaaeeiythony a neiaiiee (io
a?a/aneiai "nei" - noiaeii e "aiiey" - oaie) eee nenoaiu. Anaai
?acee/atho naiue neiaiiee.
O?eeeeiiay, iiiieeeiiay e ?iiae/aneay neiaiiee iacuaathony iecoeie,
iioiio /oi iie ia eiatho inae neiiao?ee auoa aoi?iai ii?yaeea (L2).
O?eaiiaeueiay, oao?aaiiaeueiay e aaenaaiiaeueiay neiaiiee iacuaathony
n?aaeieie; iie eiatho iaeio inue neiiao?ee aunoaai ii?yaeea (L3, L4 eee
Li4), L6 (eee Li6).
Eoae/aneay neiaiiey eiaao ianeieueei inae neiiao?ee aunoaai ii?yaeea
(L3, L4 eee Li4); iia iacuaaaony aunoae neiaiieae.
I?inoua oi?iu e eo eiiaeiaoeee. Iaci? i?inouo oi?i ii neiaiieyi.
Niaieoiiinoue a?aiae, eioi?ay iiaeao auoue iieo/aia ec enoiaeiie a?aie
i?e aeaenoaee anao yeaiaioia neiiao?ee aeaiiiai e?enoaeea, iacuaaaony
i?inoie oi?iie. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, yoi oaeay oeao?a a e?enoaeea, ana a?aie
eioi?ie i?e ?aaiiia?iii ?acaeoee ii ?acia?o e oi?ia iaeeiaeiau. A
e?enoaeea iiaoo i?enoonoaiaaoue iaeia, aeaa eee ianeieueei i?inouo oi?i.
Ni/aoaiea aeaoo eee ianeieueeeo i?inouo oi?i iacuaaaony eiiaeiaoeeae.
I?inoua oi?iu iiaoo caiueaoue e ia caiueaoue i?ino?ainoaa; iie
niioaaonoaaiii iacuaathony ioe?uouie e cae?uouie.
Oae, iai?eia?, e?enoaee oee?eiia i?aaenoaaeyao niaie eiiaeiaoeeth aeaoo
i?inouo oi?i: oao?aaiiaeueiie i?eciu e oao?aaiiaeueiie aeeie?aieaeu.
I?ecia yaeyaony ioe?uoie oi?iie, iineieueeo iia ia caiueaao
i?ino?ainoaa, aeeie?aieaea aea - cae?uoay oi?ia, oae eae iia iieiinoueth
caiueaao i?ino?ainoai, ionoue aeaaea ia i?iaeieaeaiee naieo a?aiae.
*oiau ?acee/aoue ia e?enoaeeao i?inoua oi?iu, ioaeii, i?aaeaea anaai,
ciaoue i?aaeei: neieueei ia ?aaiiia?ii ?acaeoii e?enoaeea ?aciuo a?aiae,
noieueei aoaeao i?inouo oi?i.
?anniio?ei i?inoua oi?iu ano?a/athueany a ?acee/iuo neiaiieyo.
A iecoeo neiaiieyo aiciiaeiu neaaeothuea i?inoua oi?iu.
Iiiiyae? - i?inoay oi?ia, i?aaenoaaeaiiay iaeiie a?aiueth.
Ieiaeieae - aeaa ?aaiua ia?aeeaeueiua a?aie, eioi?ua iiaoo auoue ia?aoii
?aniieiaeaiiuie.
Aeeyae? - aeaa ?aaiua ia?anaeathueany a?aie (iiaoo ia?anaeaoueny ia
nai?i i?iaeieaeaiee).
?iiae/aneay i?ecia - /aou?a ?aaiuo iiia?ii ia?aeeaeueiuo a?aie; a
na/aiee ia?acotho ?iia.
?iiae/aneay ie?aieaea - /aou?a ?aaiua ia?anaeathueany a?aie; a na/aiee
oaeaea ia?acotho ?iia.
Ia?a/eneaiiua i?inoua oi?iu ioiinyony e ioe?uoui, oae eae iie ia
caiueatho i?ino?ainoaa. I?enoonoaea a e?enoaeea ioe?uouo i?inouo oi?i,
iai?eia?, ?iiae/aneie i?eciu iaycaoaeueii aucuaaao i?enoonoaea ae?oaeo
i?inouo oi?i, iai?eia?, ieiaeieaea eee ?iiae/aneie aeeie?aieaeu,
iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey oiai, /oiau iieo/eeanue caieiooay oi?ia.
Ec cae?uouo i?inouo oi?i iecoeo neiaiiee ioiaoei neaaeothuea.
?iiae/aneay aeeie?aieaea - aeaa ?iiae/aneea ie?aieaeu, neiaeaiiua
iniiaaieyie; oi?ia eiaao ainaiue ?aciuo a?aiae, aeathueo a iiia?a/iii
na/aiee ?iia;
?iiae/aneee oao?ayae? - /aou?a a?aie, caiueathuea i?ino?ainoai e
eiathuea oi?io einioaieueiuo o?aoaieueieeia.
A n?aaeieo neiaiieyo ec ia?a/eneaiiuo auoa i?inouo oi?i iiaoo
i?enoonoaiaaoue oieueei iiiiyae? e ieiaeieae. Ioe?uouie i?inouie oi?iaie
n?aaeieo neiaiiee aoaeoo i?eciu e ie?aieaeu.
A niioaaonoaothueo neiaiieyo iiaoo auoue o?eaiiaeueiua, oao?aaiiaeueiua
e aaenaaiiaeueiua i?eciu. Iiaoo auoue i?eciu n oaeaiaiiui /eneii a?aiae:
aeeo?eaiiaeueiay, aeeoao?aaiiaeueiay e aeeaaenaaiiaeueiay. A iineaaeiai
neo/aa ana a?aie ?aaiu, ii iaeeiaeiaua oaeu iaaeaeo ieie /a?aaeothony
/a?ac iaeei.
E cae?uoui oi?iai ioiinyony aeeie?aieaeu, neaeaiiyae?u, o?aiaoeiyae?u,
?iiaiyae? e oao?aaiiaeueiue oao?ayae?.
Aeeie?aieaeu iiaoo auoue o?eaiiaeueiua, oao?aaiiaeueiua e
aaenaaiiaeueiua eee i?e oaeaiaiee /enea a?aiae - aeeo?eaiiaeueiua,
aeeoao?aaiiaeueiua e aeeaaenaaiiaeueiua. Aeeie?aieaeu i?aaenoaaeytho
niaie aeaa ie?aieaeu neiaeaiiua iniiaaieyie.
1. Neaeaiiyae? - i?inoay oi?ia, ninoiyuay ec ?aaiuo ?aciinoi?iiieo
o?aoaieueieeia. Neaeaiiyae?u ano?a/athony oieueei a o?eaiiaeueiie e
oao?aaiiaeueiie neiaiieyo.
2. O?aiaoeiyae? - iaiiieiaao aeeie?aieaeo. A?aie yoie i?inoie oi?iu
eiatho aeae /aou??ooaieueieeia, a aieiaua ??a?a ia eaaeao a iaeiie
ieineinoe. O?aiaoeiyae?u aiciiaeiu eeoue a o??o aeaeao neiiao?ee, aaea
ionoonoaotho ieineinoe neiiao?ee.
3. ?iiaiyae? ninoieo ec oanoe a?aiae a aeaea ?iiaia, iaiiieiaao
auoyiooue eee niethuaiiue ii aeeaaiiaee eoa. Ii aiciiaeai oieueei a
o?eaiiaeueiie e aaenaaiiaeueiie neiaiieyo.
4. Oao?aaiiaeueiue oao?ayae? i?aaenoaaeyao niaie /aou?a ?aaiua a?aie a
aeaea ?aaiiaaae?aiiuo o?aoaieueieeia.
A eoae/aneie neiaiiee eiaaony 15 i?inouo oi?i, ana iie cae?uoua. I?inoua
oi?iu iecoeo e n?aaeieo neiaiiee a eoae/aneie neiaiiee ia ano?a/athony.
Eoa (aaenayae?) i?aaenoaaeyao niaie oanoue iiia?ii ia?aeeaeueiuo
eaaae?aoiuo a?aiae. Anee eaaeaeoth a?aiue eoaa caiaieoue /aou?ueiy
o?aoaieueiuie a?aiyie, oi iieo/eoueny i?inoay oi?ia, eioi?ay iacuaaaony
oao?aaaenayae?.
Ieoayae? i?aaenoaaeyao niaie niaieoiiinoue ainueie iiia?ii ia?aeeaeueiuo
a?aiae. Anee eaaeaeay a?aiue ieoayae?a caiauaia o?aiy a?aiyie
(o?eieoayae?), oi ii eiee/anoao noi?ii yoeo a?aiae ?acee/atho
o?eaiio?eieoayae?, oao?aaiio?eieoayae? e iaioaaiio?eieoayae?. I?e
caiauaiee a?aie ieoayae?a oanoueth a?aiyie iieo/ei aaenaieoayae?,
ninoiyuee ec 48 a?aiae.
Oao?ayae? eoae/aneie neiaiiee ninoieo ec /aou??o ?aaiinoi?iiieo
o?aoaieueieeia, caiueathueo i?ino?ainoai.
Anee eaaeaeoth a?aiue oao?ayae?a caiaieoue o?aiy a?aiyie, oi ii aiaeiaee
n ieoayae?ii iieo/ei o?eaiio?eoao?ayae? e iaioaaiio?eoao?ayae?.
?iiaiaeiaeaeayae? i?aaenoaaeyao niaie i?inooth oi?io, ninoiyuoth ec 12
a?aiae a aeaea ?iiaia.
Iaioaaiiaeiaeaeayae? oaeaea ninoieo ec 12 a?aiae, ii eiathueo oi?io
iai?aaeeueiuo iyoeoaieueieeia.
Aeeaeiaeaeayae? - "oaeaiaiiue" aeiaeaeayae?, eaaeaeay a?aiue eioi?iai
caiaiaia aeaoiy a?aiyie; ninoieo ec 24 a?aiae.
Ii?aaeaeaiea niaea?aeaiey iaoee ieia?aeiaee e naycue ieia?aeiaee n
ae?oaeie iaoeaie i caiea. Ieia?aeiaey caieiaaony eco/aieai naienoa e
ninoaaa ieia?aeia, auyaeaieai aaieiae/aneeo oneiaee e oeceei-oeie/aneie
ianoaiiaee ia?aciaaiey ieia?aeia, enneaaeiaaieai ieia?aeia, eae oi?iu
eiioeaio?aoeee iaeieo e ?annaeaaiey ae?oaeo oeie/aneeo yeaiaioia,
ane?uoeai iaoaieciia ca?iaeaeaiey, ?inoa e ?ac?ooaiey ieia?aeia,
?ac?aaioeie ieia?aeiae/aneeo e?eoa?eaa iienea ?oaeiiai e ia?oaeiiai
nu?uey.
ssaeyynue iaoeie i i?e?iaeiuo oeie/aneeo niaaeeiaieyo e?enoaeee/aneie
no?oeoo?u, ieia?aeiaey oanii naycaia n e?enoaeeia?aoeae, oeceeie e
oeieae.
Iiiyoey: ieia?ae, ?oaea, ieia?aeueiue aeae. Ieia?aeaie iacuaathony
iaeii?iaeiua ii ninoaao e no?iaieth e?enoaeee/aneea aauanoaa,
ia?aciaaaoeany a ?acoeueoaoa oeceei-oeie/aneeo i?ioeannia e yaeythueany
ninoaaiuie /anoyie ai?iuo ii?iae e ?oae. N oeie/aneie oi/ee c?aiey
ieia?ae - aieaa eee iaiaa iaeii?iaeiia oaei, ioaa/athuaa ii?aaeae?iiiio
ninoaao. Oece/anee eaaeaeue ieia?ae oaeaea oa?aeoa?ecoaony aieaa eee
iaiaa ii?aaeae?iiuie, i?enouaio aio ea/anoaaie: oa??aeinoueth,
ieioiinoueth, iaaieoiinoueth, iioe/aneeie naienoaaie e ae?.
E ii?aaeaeaieth iiiyoey "ieia?ae" ioaeii naeaeaoue neaaeothuea
caia/aiey.
1. E ieia?aeai iu oneiaii aoaeai ioiineoue ia oieueei yaii
e?enoaeee/aneea aauanoaa, ii oaeaea iaeioi?ua ne?uoie?enoaeee/aneea e
aii?oiua i?e?iaeiua aauanoaa (oaeoeaaeii, aaao, iiae e iaeioi?ua
ae?oaea), eioi?ua ennoa?e ioiinyony e oea?noao ieia?aeia. Iie oaeaea
oaa?aeua aauanoaa, i?iaeoeou i?e?iaeiuo i?ioeannia, ninoaaiua /anoe
ai?iuo ii?iae e ?oae.
2. E ieia?aeai neaaeoa ioiineoue i?e?iaeiua oeie/anee e no?oeoo?ii
iaeii?iaeiua ia?aciaaiey, yaeythueany ninoaaiuie /anoyie ae?oaeo
einie/aneeo oae - Eoiu, ieaiao, iaoai?eoia. Oae, iiaeii aiai?eoue i
ieia?aeueiii ninoaaa eoiiuo ai?iuo ii?iae, ieia?aeueiii ninoaaa eaiaiiuo
iaoai?eoia e o.ae. I?e yoii eioa?anii ioiaoeoue, /oi iaeioi?ua ieia?aeu,
ecaanoiua a iaoai?eoao, ia ecaanoiu ia Caiea (iai?eia? noeueoeae
eaeueoeey - ieueaeaaieo CaS eee oinoeae aeaeaca, ieeaey e eiaaeueoa -
o?aeaa?ceo (Fe, Ni, Co)3P).
3. ?acee/iua neioaoe/aneea i?iaeoeou, aeeceea ii naienoaai, ninoaao e
no?oeoo?a e ieia?aeai, iacuaathony eneonoaaiiuie ieia?aeaie. Oaeiau,
iai?eia?, iieo/aiiua a eaai?aoi?iuo oneiaeyo eneonoaaiiua eaa?oe,
ei?oiae, nethaea e ae?.
?ani?ino?aiaiea ieia?aeia a i?e?iaea /?acau/aeii oe?iei. Any caiiay
ei?a, ana ai?iua ii?iaeu e ianoi?iaeaeaiey iieaciuo eneiiaaiuo ninoiyo
ec ieia?aeia.
?acia?u ieia?aeueiuo eiaeeaeaeia iiaoo auoue io aieueoeo, ianna eioi?uo
ianeieueei oiii (iieaaie oiao, eaa?oe), aei iaeue/aeoeo c??iuoae,
aeaeeiuo oieueei a iee?ineii. Aieueoeinoai ieia?aeia ano?a/athony eiaiii
a aeaea iaeeeo e iaeue/aeoeo c??iuoae, ia?acoy ca?ienooth no?oeoo?o
iaaiaoe/aneeo, inaaei/iuo e iaoaii?oe/aneeo ii?iae.
Ecaanoii ieiei 2200 ieia?aeia, a /enei eo iacaaiee n ?aciiaeaeiinoyie
aieaa 4000. Iineaaeiaa iauyniyaony oai, /oi iiiaea ieia?aeu eiatho
ianeieueei iacaaiee (neiiieiu). E?iia oiai, ?aciiaeaeiinoe ieia?aeia
iieo/atho naiinoiyoaeueiua iacaaiey aeaaiaea?y ioeeiiaieyi io
oeie/aneiai ninoaaa, oeaaoa e ae?oaeo naienoa. Oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiiuo
a i?e?iaea ieia?aeia ian/eouaaaony ieiei 450 aeaeia, inoaeueiua
ano?a/athony ?aaeei.
Iacaaiey ieia?aeia aeathony ii oa?aeoa?iui oece/aneei naienoaai, ii
oeie/aneiio ninoaao eee ii ianoo, aaea iie auee aia?aua iaia?oaeaiu.
Iiiaea ieia?aeu iacaaiu a /anoue o/?iuo ioe?uaoeo eee iienaaoeo eo.
Ieia?aeu eae iieaciua eneiiaaiua. Iao aeaiiuo.
Eniieueciaaiea ieia?aeiaee a aaieiai?acaaaeea. Ieia?aeiaey iicaieyao:
1. Ii?aaeaeeoue ieia?aeu e ieia?aeueiua ?aciiaeaeiinoe;
2. Ii?aaeaeeoue oeie/aneee ninoaa ieia?aeia, aeeth/ay e yeaiaiou
i?eiane, iaoiaeyueany ia?aaeei a ie/oiaeiuo eieee/anoaao;
3. Onoaiiaeoue e?enoaeee/aneoth no?oeoo?o ieia?aeia;
4. Eco/eoue oneiaey ia?aciaaiey ieia?aeia;
5. Eco/eoue aiciiaeiinoe i?aeoe/aneiai eniieueciaaiey ieia?aeia e ?oae.
Oaoiieiae/aneay ieia?aeiaey. Iieneiaay ieia?aeiaey. Aaiieiaey.
Yeieiae/aneay(ieaeeoeeineay) ieia?aeiaey. Iao aeaiiuo.
Eii?aeeiaoeeiiiua /enea. Eii?aeeiaoeeiiiui /eneii aeaiiiai aoiia a
no?oeoo?a ieia?aea iacuaaaony /enei aeeaeaeoeo io iaai ninaaeieo aoiiia.
Oae, a aaeeoa eii?aeeiaoeeiiiia /enei iao?ey - 6 ((aie?oa iaai
?aniieiaeaii ii oanoue aoiiia oei?a), eii?aeeiaoeeiiiia /enei oei?a
oaeaea - 6 (eaaeaeue aoii oei?a ninaaenoaoao n oanoueth aoiiaie iao?ey).
A eaeaaeueiuo ieioiaeoeo oiaeiaeao eii?aeeiaoeeiiiia /enei caaeneo io
niioiioaiey ?acia?ia aa aoiiia: anee iaeei aeae aoiiia neaaaao oiaeiaeo,
oi io ?acia?a ae?oaeo aoiiia caaeneo oi, a eaeoth ionoioo
(oao?ayae?e/aneoth eee ieoayae?e/aneoth) iie iiaoo iiianoeoueny.
?acia?u ionoio caaenyo io ?acia?ia aoiiia("oa?ia"), oi?ie?othueo
ieioiaeooth oiaeiaeo, a iioeiaeueiia niioiioaiea ?aaeeonia yoeo aoiiia
e ?aaeeona aoiia a ionoioa anaaaea iaeii e oi aea. Aeey ieoayae?e/aneie
eii?aeeiaoeee iii ?aaii 0.41, aeey oao?ayae?e/aneie - 0.22. Oaeaea
ieioii iiaeii ?acianoeoue aoii iaaeaeo o?aiy, ainaiueth,
aeaaiaaeoeaoueth ninaaeieie. Aeey oaeeo no?oeoo? aiciiaeiu
eii?aeeiaoeeiiiua /enea 3, 4, 6, 8, 12.
Eaeaaeueiua ieioiaeoea oiaeiaee aoiiia aiciiaeiu oieueei a no?oeoo?ao
ieia?aeia n iaiai?aaeaiiuie, o.a. iieiinoueth eiiiuie eee iaoaeee/aneeie
oeie/aneeie naycyie iaaeaeo aoiiaie. A ieia?aeao n n eiaaeaioiuie
naycyie niaaeeiaiea aoiiia a e?enoaeee/aneoth iino?ieeo inouanoaeyaony
ca n/ao iaiauanoaeaiey yeaeo?iiia ia i?aeoaeyo p, d, f.A naii?iaeiie
na?a aoiiu S iauaaeeiaiu a iieaeoeo S8, i?e yoii yeaeo?iiu aiaoieo
i?aeoaeaep (o na?u eo oanoue) iauaaeeiythony oae, /oi o eaaeaeiai aoiia
ieacuaaaony onoie/eaay ainueieyeaeo?iiiay aiaoiyy iaiei/ea. Oaeaea ca
n/ao iaiauanoaeaiey yeaeo?iiia aiaoiae i?aeoaee p niaaeeiythony aoiiu
oaea?iaea a no?oeoo?a aeiaca, aeaaiaea?y yoiio eaaeaeue aoii
aeino?aeaaao naith aiaoithth iaiei/eo aei 8-yeaeo?iiiie, o.a. iaeaieaa
onoie/eaie. Nouanoaaiii, /oi oi?ia i?aeoaeae p ia oa?iaay, a aieaa
neiaeiay e ni no?iai ii?aaeaeaiiie i?eaioaoeeae a i?ino?ainoaa
iai?aaeaiee, ii eioi?iio iiaoo naycaoueny ninaaeiea aoiiu. Iiyoiio a
ieia?aeao n eiaaeaioiie naycueth eii?aeeiaoeeiiiia /enei caaeneo io
aeaoo oaeoi?ia: a) niioiioaiey ?acia?ia aoiiia; a) oa?aeoa?a
?aniieiaeaiey a i?ino?ainoaa aaeaioiuo i?aeoaeae p, d, f-yeaeo?iiia.
Iaeneiaeueii aiciiaeiia /enei ninaaenoaothueo aoiiia ii?aaeaeyaony
niioiioaieai eo ?acia?ia, a ?aaeueiia /enei iiaeao ieacaoueny eiui a
caaeneiinoe io /enea e iieiaeaiey aaeaioiuo i?aeoaeae. Aeiionoeiu ?aciua
eii?aeeiaoeeiiiua /enea - 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
Aoiiiua e eiiiua ?aaeeonu. Enoeiiua ?acia?u aoiiia e eiiia ecia?eoue
iaaiciiaeii. Aeey ieia?aeiaee aaaeiu ?aaeeonu eiiia a eo ?aaeueiuo
e?enoaeee/aneeo iino?ieeao, ii yenia?eiaioaeueii (?aioaaiianeeie e
ae?oaeie iaoiaeaie) ii?aaeaeythony oieueei iaaeocaeueiua ?annoiyiey
i?ino?ainoaaiiuo ?aoaoie. ?annoiyiea iaaeaeo oeaio?aie aeeaeaeoeo aoiiia
e?aiiey e eenei?iaea a ieene e?aiiey - eaa?oea ?aaii 0.161 ii. *oi
aea eanaaony ?aaeeonia eiiia e aoiiia a e?enoaeeao, oi yoio aii?in a
?aciia a?aiy e ?aciuie enneaaeiaaoaeyie ?aoaeny ii-?aciiio, a
?acoeueoaoa /aai noi?ie?iaaeenue ?acee/iua nenoaiu, eioi?ua iiaeii
?acaeoue ia aeaa a?oiiu: a ia?aie ?aaeeonu eiiia aeaaiaeoeo a
caiiie ei?a oeie/aneeo yeaiaioia (Si, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na e ae?.) iaiueoa
?aaeeona eiia eenei?iaea; ai aoi?ie yoe niioiioaiey ia?aoiu.
Ia?aay nenoaia ?aaeeonia caeiaeaia ?aaioaie A.Eaiaea. A 1920 a.
ii ?ann/eoae ?aaeeonu Mg2+, S2-, Se2- ia iniiaa ecia?aiey neaaeothueo
iaaeuyaea?iuo ?annoiyiee (a ii) a iaeioi?uo naeaieaeao e noeueoeaeao:
Mg-Se (0.273), Mg-S (0.260), Mn-S (0.259). I?eiya eaeath i ieioiaeoae
oiaeiaea aoiiia a e?enoaeeao ("oa?u" aieiiia e eaoeiiia eanathony
ae?oa ae?oaa e naeaou ieioiaeoei ia?acii), ii ia iniiaa i?inoaeoeo
?an/aoia aeae oaeea cia/aiey ?aaeeonia (a ii): aeey S2- 0.183, aeey
Se2- 0.193, aeey Mg2+ 0.076.
A 1923 a. Aacaoa?ia, enoiaey ec iieacaoaeae i?aeiieaiey iaeioi?uo
ooi?eaeia e ieneaeia e eniieuecoy oai?aoe/aneoth caaeneiinoue ?aaeeonia
iieaeoe e eiiia, n iaeiie noi?iiu, e iieacaoaeyie i?aeiieaiey aauanoa,
n ae?oaie, au/eneee aeey ?aaeeona aieiia ooi?a cia/aiea 0.133 ii, a
aeey eenei?iaea - 0.132 ii. Yoe cia/aiey auee iieiaeaiu a iniiao
aeaeueiaeoeo ?an/aoia A.I.Aieueaeoieaeoii. I?eiya eaeath ieioiaeoae
oiaeiaee eiiia e eaoeiiia e iineaaeiaaoaeueii ?anoe?yy e?oa aauanoa n
iaaeocaeueiuie ?annoiyieyie, A.I.Aieueaeoieaeo nicaeae ia iniiaa
i?eioeeia aaeaeeoeaiinoe (i?inoia noiie?iaaiea ?aaeeonia) nenoaio
?aaeeonia aeey eiiia anao oeie/aneeo yeaiaioia. A iae eiiu iaeaieaa
?ani?ino?aiaiiuo oeie/aneeo yeaiaioia eiatho neaaeothuea ?aaeeonu (a
ii): Si - 0.039, Al - 0.057, Fe (II) - 0.082, Fe (III) - 0.067, Ca -
0.106, Na - 0.098, Mg - 0.078, Ti (IV) - 0.064, iie iaiueoa eiiia
eenei?iaea e oieueei eaeee e eenei?iae eiatho iaeeiaeiaua ?acia?u.
Aoi?ay, nianai eiay, nenoaia ?aaeeonia caeiaeaia ?aioaaiiiao?e/aneeie
?aaioaie A.A?yaaa. A 1920 a. ia iniiaa yenia?eiaioaeueiiai ii?aaeaeaiey
iaaeuyaea?iiai ?annoiyiey S-S a ie?eoa (0.205 ii) ii i?eiye aeey
?aaeeona S2- cia/aiea 0.103 ii. Ii ecia?aiiui ?annoiyieyi Zn-S (0.235
ii a noaea?eoa e Zn-O (0.197 ii) a oeeieeoa A.A?yaa iieo/ee aeey
?aaeeonia Zn2+ 0.132 ii e aeey I2- 0.065 ii.
?aaeeonu eaoeiia ieacaeenue aieueoa ?aaeeona eenei?iaea. A ioee/ea
io nenoaiu A.I.Aieueaeoieaeoa ?aaeeon eenei?iaea caeanue aue ii?aaeaeai
ia iniiaa i?inoaeoeo ecia?aiee, a ia einaaiiuo ?an/aoia Aacaoa?iu.
Ecia?aiey e ?an/aou, ia/aoua A.A?yaaii i?iaeieaeaiu ia auee, a
anaiauoth ecaanoiinoue iieo/eea oi?ioi ?ac?aaioaiiay e iieiay nenoaia
?aaeeonia A.I.Aieueaeoieaeoa. Eeoue cia/eoaeueii iicaeiaa auee
?ac?aaioaiu iieiua nenoaiu ?aaeeonia eiiia, a eioi?uo auaea?aeeaaaony
a?yaaianeia niioiioaiea Rk>Ro. Iie i?aaeeiaeaiu a ?aciuo iiaeeoeeaoeeyo
A.Neaeoa?ii, A.N.Uoea?aaui, A.E.Eaaaaeaaui. Ii A.E.Eaaaaeaao, iai?eia?,
?aaeeon I2- ninoaaeyao 0.045 ii, ?aaeeon Mg2+ - 0.160 ii. I?e yoii
i?aaeiieaaaaony, /oi a aieueoeinoaa e?enoaeee/aneeo aauanoa
ieioiaeooth oiaeiaeo ia?acotho eaoeiiu, a a ionoioao iaaeaeo ieie
?aniieaaathony eiiu eenei?iaea e ae?oaea aieiiu.
Nae/an eaeao aeoeaiay ia?aioeaiea ?aciuo i?aaenoaaeaiee i ?acia?ao
eiiia a e?enoaeee/aneeo iino?ieeao ieia?aeia. Iai?eia?, A.N.Iiaa?aiiuo
n/eoae, /oi a ?aciuo ii naiae i?e?iaea oeie/aneeo niaaeeiaieyo aoiiu
iaeiiai e oiai aea yeaiaioa aeieaeiu eiaoue ?acee/iua ?aaeeonu.
?acia? eiia Fe3+ a noeueoeaeao ninoaaeyao 0.111 ii, ai ooi?eaeao -
0.086 ii, a ieneaeao - 0.094. Yoe i?aaenoaaeaiey iiaeoaa?aeaeathony
iiiaeie ?aaioaie ii yeaeo?iiii- e ?aioaaiia?aoee ieia?aeia. Oae aeey
Na, e i?eia?o, onoaiiaeaiu eieaaaiey ?aaeeona io 0.109 aei 0.131 ii.
I?aaenoaaeaiey i iaiaeeiaeiauo ?acia?ia eiiia a ?aciuo aauanoaao,
i/aaeaeii, iaeaieaa i?ia?anneaiu, ii iie aua ia iaoee aeieaeiiai
?acaeoey, iiyoiio aeaeaa aoaeoo eniieueciaaoueny cia/aiey ?aaeeonia ii
A.I.Aieueaeoieaeoo.
I?eioeei ieioiaeoae oiaeiaee aoiiia e eiiia. Aeey iauyniaiey i?e?iaeu
e?enoaeee/aneeo no?oeoo? aauanoa a e?enoaeeia?aoee eniieuecoaony
i?eioeei ieioiaeoae oiaeiaee aoiiia e eiiia a e?enoaeeao, niaeanii
eioi?iai i?eieiaaony, /oi ai-ia?auo, oi?ia anao aoiiia e eiiia
noa?e/aneay e, ai-aoi?uo, aanue iauai e?enoaeea eee ioaeaeueiuo aai
no?oeoo?iuo aeieia caiieiai ieioii nii?eeanathueieny aoiiaie e eiiaie.
Ia iniiaa yoiai i?eioeeia oaeaeinue i?inoi e aaiiao?e/anee ia?acii
ioa?aeoa?eciaaoue iiiaea iniaaiiinoe e?enoaeee/aneiai no?iaiey
ieia?aeia.
?anniio?ei aeey ia/aea aiciiaeiua niiniau ieioiaeoae oeeaaeee oa?ia
?aaiiai aeeaiao?a. Iieiaeei ae?oa ia ae?oaa aeaa neiy ieioii
nii?eeanathueony oa?ia, iaicia/ea ieaeiee neie aoeaie A, aa?oiee - A.
O?aoee neie iiaeii iieiaeeoue ia neie A ii?aciiio. A iaeiii neo/aa -
oi/ii oae aea, eae neie A, a ae?oaii - oa?u o?aoueaai neiy caeioo
iaiiaoi?yaioth iiceoeeth N, eo caoai iiaeii ia?ae?uoue /aoaa?oui neiai
oa?ia, eioi?ue iiaoi?eo iieiaeaiea neiy A.
Oiaeiaea ia?aiai oeia oa?aeoa?ecoaony iiaoi?yaiinoueth AA AA AA ... A?
iacuaatho aeaoneieiie (a ii oa?aeoa?o neiiao?ee - aaenaaiiaeueiie).
Aeey oiaeiaie aoi?iai oeia oa?aeoa?ia iiaoi?yaiinoue AAN AAN AAN ... Aa
iacuaatho o?aoneieiie *(eoae/aneie). Eiaaony iiiai ae?oaeo ii?yaeeia
iiaoi?yaiinoe neiaa a ieioiaeoae oeeaaeea oa?ia, ii ana iie aoaeoo
yaeyoueny eiiaeiaoeeyie ia?auo aeaoo oiaeiaie.
Ieioii oeiaeaiiua oa?u caieiatho eeoue 74% caiieiyaiiai eie iauaia, a
26% i?eoiaeeony ia ionoiou iaaeaeo oa?aie. Eo aeaa oeia. Iaeie
ionoiou, iaiueoea ii ?acia?o, ?aniieaaathony iaaeaeo /aou?ueiy
oa?aie. Eo iacuaatho oao?ayae?e/aneeie. Ae?oaea, aieueoea ii ?acia?o
ionoiou ia?aie/aiu oanoueth oa?aie - ieoayae?e/aneea. A aaneiia/iie
e?enoaeee/aneie iino?ieea ia n oa?ia i?eoiaeeony 2n oao?ayae?e/aneeo e n
ieoayae?e/aneeo ionoio.
I?eia?ii iino?iaiey e?enoaeee/aneie no?oeoo?u aauanoaa ii/oe oi/ii ii
i?eioeeio ieioiaeoae oiaeiaee iiaeao yaeyoueny ei?oiae Al2O3. A iai
e?oiiua eiiu eenei?iaea (?aaeeon 0.132 ii ii A.Aieueaeoieaeoo)
ia?acotho aeaoneieioth ieioiaeooth oiaeiaeo, 2/3 ieoayae?e/aneeo ionoio
caiyoi eiiaie Al (?aaeeon 0.057 ii, ii A.Aieueaeoieaeoo),
oao?ayae?e/aneea iiceoeee naiaiaeiu.
Anee n/eoaoue e?enoaeee/aneea aauanoaa iino?iaiiuie ii i?eioeeio
eaeaaeueiie ieioiaeoae oiaeiaee, ana iiiaiia?acea no?oeoo? ieia?aeia
aeieaeii ii?aaeaeyoueny o?aiy oaeoi?aie:
1) oeiii ieioiaeoae oiaeiaee, ?acia?ii e aaeaioiinoueth aoiiia,
ia?acothueo yoo oiaeiaeo;
2) iaai?ii aoiiia, caiieiythueo ieioiaeoae oiaeiaee;
3) oci?ii canaeaiey ionoio. Iiiaiia?acea ni/aoaiee yoeo oaeoi?ia
i/aaeaeii. Iaeiaei /enei ieia?aeia n eaeaaeueiie ieioiaeoae oiaeiaeie
aoiiia ioiineoaeueii iaaaeeei. Yoi iauyniyaony a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue oai,
/oi oaeea e?enoaeee/aneea iino?ieee aiciiaeiu aeey ieia?aeia n
iai?aaeaiiuie oeie/aneeie naycyie - iaoaeee/aneie eee eiiiie.
Aeaenoaeoaeueii, e i?eia?o, naii?iaeiua iaoaeeu (Au, Cu, Ag) eiatho
no?oeoo?u n o?aoneieiie (eoae/aneie) ieioiaeoae oiaeiaeie, naii?iaeiua
e?eaeee e oeeie - n aeaooneieiie (aaenaaiiaeueiie) oiaeiaeie. Iai?ioea,
e?enoaeee/aneay no?oeoo?a naii?iaeiie na?u aeaeaea io ieioiaeoae
oiaeiaee. A na?a i?iyaeaiu iai?aaeaiiua - eiaaeaioiua oeie/aneea
nayce, i?e yoii ia?acothony ainueieaoiiiua neiaeiua ii eiioeao?aoeee
iieaeoeu n ioeaaui noiia?iui ca?yaeii S80, iie niaaeeiythony
inoaoi/iuie (aaiaea?aaaeueniauie) naycyie a ?aciii?eaioe?iaaiiua
eieiiee.
Ec ?ani?ino?aiaiiuo a i?e?iaea aauanoa ieioiaeoay oiaeiaea oa?aeoa?ia
aeey iaiiiaeo ieia?aeia - iai?eia? aeey ei?oiaea Al2O3 e oieiaee
MgAl2O4. Iieacaoaeueii, /oi i?e iaeuo iieaeoey?iuo eiee/anoaao yoeo
aauanoa iie iaeaaeatho ioiineoaeueii iiauoaiiie ieioiinoueth.
Aeiaieueii aeecee e ieioiaeoae oiaeiaea no?oeoo?u iaeioi?uo
i?oineeeeaoia - ieeaeiia, a?aiaoia e ae?.
Aieueoeinoai aea ieia?aeia eiaao neiaeiua e?enoaeee/aneea iino?ieee, a
ieo eeoue no?iaiea ioaeaeueiuo aeieia ioaa/aao i?eioeeio ieioiaeoae
oiaeiaee aoiiia. Yoio i?eioeei - eeoue iiaeaeue, iiiiaathuay
eioa?i?aoe?iaaoue ?aaeueiinoue.
Eciii?oeci. Oeiu eciii?oecia. Eciii?oeci - naienoai aoiiia (eee eiiia)
iaeieo aauanoa caiaiyoue a no?oeoo?a aoiiu (eee eiiu) ae?oaeo. ssaeaiey
eciii?oecia i/aiue oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiu a ieia?aeao. Oae, oeie/aneee
ninoaa ieia?aea aieueo?aieoa ioia?aaeaaony oi?ioeie (Fe, Mn) [WO4]. Ii
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie eciii?oioth nianue, aaea aoiiu ia?aaioea caiauatho a
no?oeoo?a aoiiu aeaeaca, e iaiai?io, oi?iaeueii yoi iiaeao auoue
au?aaeaii oi?ioeie nFe[WO4] X (100-n) X Mn[WO4]. E?aeiea /eaiu yoiai
?yaea iinyo iacaaiea oa?aa?eoa Fe[WO4] e athaia?eoa Mn[WO4]. Ieia?ae
ieeaei (Mg, Fe)2[SiO4] oaeaea i?aaenoaaeyao niaie eciii?oioth nianue,
aaea aoiiu iaaiey a no?oeoo?a caiauathony aoiiaie aeaeaca. Oi?iaeueii
yoi iiaeao auoue au?aaeaii oi?ioeie nMg2[SiO4]X(100-n) Fe2[SiO4].
Eiia/iua /eaiu yoiai iai?a?uaiiai ?yaea iinyo iacaaiey oi?noa?eoa e
oayeeoa.
Ia?yaeo n i?inouie neo/ayie iiaeao i?ienoiaeeoue neiaeiia eciii?oiia
caiauaiea oeaeuo eiiieaenia a e?enoaeee/aneeo no?oeoo?ao. Eeanne/aneei
i?eia?ii oaeiai neiaeiiai caiauaiey yaeythony ieia?aeu ec a?oiiu iieaauo
oiaoia - ieaaeieeacu. Ieaaeieeacu i?aaenoaaeytho niaie iai?a?uaiue ?yae
ieia?aeia, aaea ia?a Ca2+ e Al3+ caiauathony ia ia?o Na+ e
Si4+(CaAlNaSi). E?aeiea /eaiu yoiai ?yaea iacuaathony aii?oeoii
Ca[Al2Si2O8] e aeueaeoii Na[AlSi3O8]. A niioaaonoaee n eciaiaieai
ninoaaa eciaiythony e oece/aneea naienoaa ieaaeieeacia, iai?eia?
iioe/aneea naienoaa, ieioiinoue e ae?.
Oaeei ia?acii, ?acee/athony aeaa aeaaiuo aeaea eciii?oecia: aieaa
i?inoie, eiaaea acaeiicaiauathony eiiu, eiathuea iaeeiaeiaoth
aaeaioiinoue, - ii iacuaaaony eciaaeaioiui eciii?oeciii, e neiaeiue,
eiaaea i?ienoiaeeo caiauaiea eiiia ?aciuo aaeaioiinoae, aaoa?iaaeaioiue
eciii?oeci.
Ii noaiaie niaa?oainoaa eciii?oiuo caiauaiee iiaeii auaeaeeoue aeaa
neo/ay. A ia?aii neo/aa caiauaiea iaeiiai yeaiaioa ae?oaei iiaeao auoue
a i?aaeaeao aei 100% - yoi niaa?oaiiue, eee iieiue, eciii?oeci. Ai
aoi?ii neo/aa caiauaiea iiaeao auoue /anoe/iui io niouo aeieae, aei
ianeieueeeo i?ioeaioia - yoi ianiaa?oaiiue, eee ia?aie/aiiue,
eciii?oeci.
Iiiaea eciii?oiua i?eiane ia io?aaeathony oi?ioeie ieia?aea, eai
eiee/anoai eo iaaaeeei. Oae, a oeeieiauo iaiaieao ZnS iau/ii
i?enoonoaoao a aeaea eciii?oiie i?eiane Fe, a eiiaaea Cd e In.
Anee i?ienoiaeeo eciii?oiia caiauaiea iaeieo yeaiaioia (eee eiiieaenia)
ae?oaeie, oi iie aa?oony a neiaee e ioaeaeythony ae?oa io ae?oaa
caiyoie, i?e/?i ii?yaeie iaienaiey caaeneo io eiee/anoaa yoeo yeaiaioia
(eee eiiiiiaioia).
A /?i aea i?e/eia eciii?oecia? A. I. Aieueaeoieo oeacae, /oi yeaiaiou
iiaoo caiauaoue ae?oa ae?oaa a no?oeoo?ao a oii neo/aa, eiaaea ?aaeeonu
eiiia (eee aoiiia) yaeythony aeeceeie e ?acieoea eo ia i?aauoaao 15%.
Iaeiaei, anee aaee/eiu ?aaeeonia eiiia aeecee, yoi au? ia
i?aaeii?aaeaeyao eo eciii?oiiai caiauaiey. Iiiyoea i eiiiuo oa?ao, eae
ianaeeiaaiuo oa?ao, aa?ii eeoue a ia?aii i?eaeeaeaiee. Iai?yaeaiea
yeaeo?e/aneiai iiey, ca?yae e oeiu eiiia i?eaiaeyo e oaeiio
acaeiiaeaenoaeth iaaeaeo ieie, eiaaea i?aaeeueiay oa?iia?aciay oi?ia
eiia eneaaeaaony, i?ienoiaeeo iiey?ecaoeey (aeaoi?iaoeey) yeaeo?iiiie
iaiei/ee eiia. Iiyoiio, e?iia aeecinoe eiiiuo ?aaeeonia,
iiey?ecaoeeiiiua naienoaa eiiia oiaea aeieaeiu auoue aeeceeie. Anee
noaiaiue iiey?ecaoeee eiiia ?acee/ia, oi aeaaea i?e i/aiue aeeceeo
?aaeeonao eciii?oecia iaaeaeo eiiaie ia aoaeao (iai?eia?, iao
eciii?oecia iaaeaeo Na+ e Cu+).
Iieeii?oeci. A ia?aaiaea n a?a/aneiai neiai "iieeii?oeci" icia/aao
iiiaioi?iiinoue. Yoi yaeaiea aei ecaanoiie noaiaie i?ioeaiiieiaeii
eciii?oecio e caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi iaeeiaeiaua ii oeie/aneiio ninoaao
aauanoaa ia?acotho ?acee/iua no?oeoo?u.
Iieeii?oiuie iiaoo auoue yeaiaiou e neiaeiua niaaeeiaiey.
I?ienoiaeaeaiea ?acee/iuo iieeii?oiuo iiaeeoeeaoeee (?aciiaeaeiinoae)
naycaii n ?acee/eai a oneiaeyo eo ia?aciaaiey. Eaaeaeay ec iiaeeoeeaoeee
eiaao naith no?oeoo?o, a ionthaea e naie niaoeeoe/aneea naienoaa.
Oi?ioei i?eia?ii iieeii?oecia oaea?iaea yaeythony ieia?aeu aeiac e
a?aoeo. Naienoaa eo niaa?oaiii ?acee/iu: aeiac naiue oa??aeue ec
ieia?aeia, a?aoeo eiaao oa??aeinoue 1. Ieioiinoue aeiaca 3.5, a?aoeoa
2.2. Aeiac e?enoaeeecoaony a eoae/aneie neiaiiee, a?aoeo a
aaenaaiiaeueiie. I?e/eia a noieue ?acee/iuo naienoa oeacaiiuo ieia?aeia
iauyniyaony eo no?oeoo?ie, o.a. ?aniieiaeaieai aoiiia oaea?iaea. Naycue
aoiiia oaea?iaea a a?aoeoa iaiaa i?i/iay, /ai a aeiaca, no?oeoo?a
a?aoeoa eenoiaay, a aeaea ieineeo aaenaaiiaeueiuo naoie. Cia/eoaeueiua
?annoiyiey iaaeaeo yoeie naoeaie e ii?aaeaeytho aai naienoaa: e?aeoth
?anuaieyaiinoue, iaiueooth ieioiinoue e ae?.
Ianeieueei iieeii?oiuo iiaeeoeeaoeee eiaao e na?a; a i?e?iaeiuo oneiaeyo
onoie/eaie yaeyaony eeoue na?a ?iiae/aneie neiaiiee.
?acee/atho aeaa aeaea iieeii?oecia. Ia?aue aeae - yiaioeio?iiey -
oa?aeoa?ecoaony ia?aoeiinoueth (ia?aoiaeii) iieeii?oiuo iiaeeoeeaoeee ec
iaeiie a ae?oaoth i?e ii?aaeae?iiuo oaiia?aoo?ao e aeaaeaieyo. I?eia?ii
yiaioeio?iiee iiaoo neoaeeoue ia?aoiaeu eaa?oea a aunieioaiia?aoo?ioth
?aciiaeaeiinoue Sio2 - o?eaeeieo, a oaeaea ia?aoiaeu aeiaca a a?aoeo.
Aoi?ie aeae - iiiio?iiey - iaeia iieeii?oiay iiaeeoeeaoeey
(ianoaaeeueiay) iiaeao ia?aoiaeeoue a ae?oaoth (noaaeeueioth), ii
ia?aoiue ia?aoiae iaaiciiaeai. I?eia?ii iiiio?iiee yaeyaony ia?aoiae
ia?eaceoa a ie?eo.
Oeie/aneee ninoaa e oi?ioeu ieia?aeia. Aeey auyniaiey oeie/aneiai
ninoaaa ieia?aea i?iecaiaeyo aai oeie/aneee aiaeec. A ?acoeueoaoa
ia?an/?oa aeaiiuo aiaeeca ii?aaeaeytho oeie/aneoth oi?ioeo ieia?aea.
Oi?ioeu iiaoo auoue yiie?e/aneeie, iieacuaathueie oieueei oeie/aneee
ninoaa, e no?oeoo?iuie, aeathueie i?aaenoaaeaiea i i?ino?ainoaaiiii
?aniieiaeaiee aoiiia a ieia?aea e eo naycue iaaeaeo niaie.
Aeey iaeioi?uo ieia?aeia no?oeoo?iua oi?ioeu au? ia onoaiiaeaiu. Ii
aeaaiaea?y ?aioaaiianeei iaoiaeai enneaaeiaaiey ai iiiaeo neo/ayo
oaeaeinue ii?aaeaeeoue acaeiiioiioaiey aoiiia a e?enoaeee/aneeo
no?oeoo?ao ieia?aeia. Yoeie aii?inaie nayce oeiecia ni no?iaieai
aauanoaa e aai naienoaaie caieiaaony e?enoaeeioeiey.
A ieia?aeao aaaeii auyaeoue eaoeiiu e aieiiiua eiiieaenu,
oa?aeoa?ecothuea oeiu e?enoaeee/aneeo no?oeoo?. I?e iaienaiee oi?ioe
ieia?aeia aieiiiua eiiieaenu ioaeaeytho io eaoeiiia eaaae?aoiuie
neiaeaie, iai?eia?, neaea?eo Fe[CO3].
Neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi yiie?e/aneea oi?ioeu ieia?aeia ia
ioia?aaeatho iniaaiiinoae eo aioo?aiiaai no?iaiey e a ieia?aeiaee iie a
ianoiyuaa a?aiy caiaiaiu no?oeoo?iuie oi?ioeaie. Oae, yiie?e/aneay
oi?ioea ieia?aea ioneiaeoa H2KAl3Si3O12, a no?oeoo?iay
KAl2[AlSi3O10](OH, F)2. Iineaaeiyy iieacuaaao, /oi a no?oeoo?a ioneiaeoa
eiaaony neiaeiue aieiiiue eiiieaen e /oi aiaea a ioneiaeoa iaoiaeeony ia
a aeaea H2O, a a aeaea aeae?ieneea (OH)-, i?e/?i yoio aeae?ienee iiaeao
auoue a naith i/a?aaeue caiau?i F-.
A ieia?aeiaee ia?aaeei ?acee/atho aacaiaeiua e aiaeiua
ieia?aeu(noeueoaou, oinoaou, ea?aiiaou e ae?.). E aiaeiui ioiinyony oa
ieia?aeu, eioi?ua eiatho a nai?i ninoaaa yeaeo?e/anee iaeo?aeueiua
iieaeoeu aiaeu. Aiaea a ninoaaa ieia?aeia iiaeao auoue naycaiiie e
naiaiaeiie. Naycaiiay, eee e?enoaeeecaoeeiiiay, aiaea aoiaeeo a
e?enoaeee/aneoth ?ao?oeo ieia?aeia, caieiay a iae ii?aaeae?iiua ianoa.
I?eia?aie iiaoo auoue iaeioi?ua ea?aiiaou e noeueoaou, iai?eia? aein.
Naiaiaeiay aiaea ia o/anoaoao a no?iaiee e?enoaeee/aneie ?ao?oee
ieia?aeia, eiee/anoai a? iiaeao auoue ?acee/iui a caaeneiinoe, iai?eia?,
io oaiia?aoo?u. I?eia?aie naiaiaeiie aiaeu yaeyaony aiaea oeaieeoia. E,
eiia/ii, any aea?ineiie/aneay aiaea, oaea?aeeaathuayny a
iee?ineiie/aneeo o?aueiao ieia?aeia e ii?iae neeaie iiaa?oiinoiiai
iaoyaeaiey, oaeaea yaeyaony naiaiaeiie e oaeaeyaony i?e iaa?aaaiee aei
110N.
Aeae?ieneeniaea?aeauea ieia?aeu a no?iaii niunea ia iiaoo auoue iacaaiu
aiaeiuie. Iaaeaeo yeaeo?e/anee iaeo?aeueiie iieaeoeie aiaeu H2O e
io?eoeaoaeueii ca?yaeaiiui eiiii aeae?ieneea (HO)- nouanoaoao
i?eioeeieaeueiay ?acieoea. Aeae?ienee (HO)- iiaeao caiauaoue a ieia?aeao
oaeea eiiu eae Cl- e Fe-, ii i?i/ii oaea?aeeaaaony a e?enoaeee/aneeo
?ao?oeao, yoeie naienoaaie iieaeoeu aiaeu ia iaeaaeatho.
Ii?oieiaey ieia?aeia e aa?aaaoia. Aeaieieeiaua n?inoee e?enoaeeia.
Aeey iaeioi?uo ieia?aeia oa?aeoa?ii ia?aciaaiea ia oieueei iaeeii/iuo
e?enoaeeia, ii e eo aeaieieeiauo n?inoeia - aeaieieeia. Yoi iieaaua
oiaou, ?ooee, eanneoa?eo, a?aaiieo, eeiiaa?ue e iiiaea ae?oaea
ieia?aeu.
A ianoiyueo, ia neo/aeiuo, n?inoeao, eiaeeaeaeu n?anoathony ii
iaeeiaeiaui ieineei naoeai eo i?ino?ainoaaiiuo ?aoaoie. Aaiiao?e/anee
eiaeeaeaeu a aeaieieea iiaeii iuneaiii niaianoeoue ae?oa n ae?oaii eeai
io?aaeaieai a ieineinoe neiiao?ee eeai iiai?ioii aie?oa ine L2.
Aeaieieee iiaoo ninoiyoue ec ia?u e?enoaeeia (i?inoua) eee ec
iiiaie?aoii iiaoi?ythueony eiaeeaeaeia. Oa?aeoa?iie iniaaiiinoueth
ia?aiee aeaieieeia yaeythony aoiaeyuea oaeu iaaeaeo a?aiyie; ia
iaeeii/iuo eaeaaeueii ?acaeouo e?enoaeeao oaeeo oaeia ia auaaao.
Neaaeoao ?acee/aoue aeaieieee n?anoaiey e aeaieieee i?i?anoaiey. A
ia?auo eiaeeaeaeu ?aca?aie/aiu ii ieineinoe, iie eae au nii?eeanathony
ae?oa n ae?oaii. Ai aoi?uo e?enoaeeu eae au ia?anoatho ae?oa ae?oaa
eeai ianeaicue i?iieeatho iaeei a ae?oaie, nii?eeanaynue ii neiaeiie
ecaeeenoie (nooiai/aoie) iiaa?oiinoe.
Aeaieieee ia?acothony ii ?aciui i?e/eiai. A ?anoai?a, eiaaea e?enoaeeu
iaoiaeyony aua a ca?iaeuoaaii ninoiyiee e iiae aeaenoaeai oao eee eiuo
nee ?acai?a/eaathony ioiineoaeueii ae?oa ae?oaa. I?e ia?aoiaea iaeiie
iieeii?oiie iiaeeoeeaoeee a ae?oaoth. I?e iaoaie/aneeo aicaeaenoaeyo ia
?anoouea e?enoaeeu.
Eiaeiua e?enoaeeu - inaaaeiii?oicu. Inaaaeiii?oica - yoi e?enoaee eee
ca?ii ieia?aea, caiauaiiiai aac eciaiaiey aai oi?iu ae?oaei ieia?aeii
eee nianueth ieia?aeia, ionthaea e iacaaiea oaeueoeaay (inaaaei) oi?ia
(ii?oa). O yoeo ia?aciaaiee nio?aiythony /anoi aeaaea iaeue/aeoea
aeaoaee iiaa?oiinoe ia?aiia/aeueiuo e?enoaeeia e ca?ai.
Ii inaaaeiii?oicai iiaeii noaeeoue i oeie/aneeo ?aaeoeeyo
ieia?aeiia?aciaaiey, oae eae aeaeai iaeiia?aiaiii e enoiaeiue ieia?ae
(ca?ii) e eiia/iue i?iaeoeo i?aia?aciaaiey. E?enoaeeu ie?eoa a
iiaa?oiinoiuo oneiaeyo caiauathony eeiiieoii - ieioiie ei?e/iaaie
ii?ioeiaaoie iannie, nianueth ?acee/iuo aeae?ieneaeia Fe3+. E?enoaeeu
eaeeaaiai iieaaiai oiaoa caiauathony ii?ioeiaaoui aa?aaaoii eaieeia.
Aua iaeei niinia ia?aciaaiey inaaaeiii?oic - iieeii?oiua i?aa?auaiey
aauanoa i?e eciaiaiee oaiia?aoo?u e aeaaeaiey, iie iacuaathony
ia?aii?oicu.
Iai?eia?, ia?aii?oicu aeueoa-eaa?oea ii aaoa-eaa?oeo (t i?aa?auaiey 575
N i?e
10*5 Ia, eee 100 eIa).
I?ioeann inaaaeiii?oiiai caiauaiey ieia?aeia iiaeao i?ienoiaeeoue eae
oeaiue iineaaeiaaoaeueiuo oeie/aneeo ?aaeoeee. Eeiiieo (nianue
aeae?ieneaeia Fe3+) ii eaeueoeeoo (ea?aiiao eaeueoeey): i?iiaaeooi/iie
noaaeeae auei, aeaeeii, caiauaiea eaeueoeeoa neaea?eoii eee
aeieiieoii (aeaeaciniaea?aeauea ea?aiiaou) ii "oeaie"
CaCO3->FeCO3->aeae?ieneaeu Fe.
Auaatho oaeaea ionoioaeua inaaaeiii?oicu - ioia/aoee a ai?iie ianna
e?enoaeeia ?anoai?eaoeony ieia?aeia, ianoi eioi?uo inoaeinue iacaiyoui.
Iaeioi?ua aa?aaaou e?enoaeeia. Ca?ienoua aa?aaaou - nieioiua iannu
i?iecaieueii n?inoeony ca?ai iaeiiai eee ianeieueeeo ieia?aeia.
Eaaeaeia ca?ii - iaia?aieaoeeny e?enoaee, au?inoee a noaniaiiuo
oneiaeyo.
Ae?ocu (uaoee) - a?oiiu e?enoaeeia, ia?inoeo ia?iaiaeeeoey?ii eee
ii/oe ia?iaiaeeeoey?ii e iiaa?oiinoe o?auei, noaiee aeeeu eee iieinoe a
ai?iie ii?iaea. Aaaeiaeoaa yaeaiea - aaiiao?e/aneee ioai?. Nia/aea
ia?anoatho iaeeii/iua ?aciii?eaioe?iaaiiua e?enoaeeu, ?ac?anoaynue iie
nii?eeanathony ae?oa n ae?oaii, oie?athony ae?oa a ae?oaa, naie naaa
iaoatho ?anoe. I?iaeieaeatho ?anoe oieueei oa e?enoaeeu, aaeoi? ?inoa
eioi?uo i?eaioe?iaai a noi?iio naiaiaeiiai i?ino?ainoaa, o.a. ii
ii?iaee e iiaa?oiinoe o?aueiu. Nae?aoeee ia?acothony, eiaaea
eaeay-eeai iieinoue a ai?iie ii?iaea caiieiyaony ieia?aeueiui
aauanoaii. *anoi a oeaio?a nae?aoeee ?aniieaaathony ae?ocu. *aua anaai-
nae?aoeee oaeoeaaeiia n ae?ocaie eaa?oea aioo?e, i?eo?i/aiiua e
ieiaeaeeiai a aacaeueoa.
Eiie?aoeee - oa?iaeaeiua, eiiaaea niethniooua, iai?aaeeueii ie?oaeaiiua
aa?aaaou ?aaeeaeueii-eo/enoiai no?iaiey. A eo oeaio?a ia?aaeei
iaoiaeeony ca?ii, eioi?ia neoaeeei cao?aaeie i?e ?inoa eiie?aoeee. *aua
anaai iie ia?acothony a ii?enouo inaaei/iuo ii?iaeao - ianeao e aeeiao.
(Eiie?aoeee eaeueoeeoa, ie?eoa e oinoi?eoia). ?acia?u io ieeeeiao?a aei
aeanyoeia naioeiao?ia.
Ia?aeeaeueii-oanoiaaoua e aieieienoua aa?aaaou iau/ii ia?acothony a
o?aueiao. Yoi - aeeeee oaeeiaenoiai aeina, na?iaioei-anaanoa,
oanoiaaoiai eaeueoeeoa. A iaeieo neo/ayo yoe aa?aaaou e?enoaeeecothony a
ioe?uouo o?aueiao: nia/aea ia noaieao ii i?eioeeio aaiiao?e/aneiai
ioai?a ia?anoatho ae?ocu; ?ac?anoaynue iaano?a/o ae?oa ae?oao iie
niueathony e ia?acotho ia?aeeaeueii-oanoiaaoua eee aieieienoua aa?aaaou.
A ae?oaeo - oaeea aa?aaaou oi?ie?othony a iinoaiaiii i?eioe?uaathueony
o?aueiao, eiaaea nei?inoue i?eioe?uaaiey iaiueoa eee ?aaia nei?inoe
?inoa eiaeeaeaeia. Nia/aea o?aueia caiieiyaony ca?ienoui aa?aaaoii
ieia?aea a aeaea nieioiie oiieie aeeeee. Caoai, ii ia?a ioe?uaaiey
ca?ia, oie?aynue ae?oa a ae?oaa, iiaoo ?anoe oieueei aneaae ca
?acaeaeaathueieny noaieaie o?aueiu. Iie iinoaiaiii auoyaeaathony
ii?iaeueii noaieai, oi?ie?oy ia?aeeaeueii-oanoiaaoue eee aieieienoue
aa?aaao. A eiuo neo/ayo (ia?aeeaeueii-oanoiaaoua (/aua aieieienoua)
aa?aaaou ia?acothony i?e ?ac?anoaiee eo io aieiniuo o?auei a iaa
noi?iiu, ?ino eaeao ii ii i?eioeeio ia?aciaaiey aa?aaaoia ia?aiai e
aoi?iai ?iaea.
Iieeou (aiaiaeiu eee ai?ioeiu) ia?acothony a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea
ieia?ae e?enoaeeecoaony ec ?anoai?a ia eaeii-ieaoaeue ca?iuoea, eae au
i?ee?uaay aai nei?eoieaie, iaeaaathueie ae?oa ia ae?oaa. Iie eiatho
eiioeaio?e/anee-nei?eoiiaaoia no?iaiea, iaycaiiia ?eoie/iie niaia
ieia?aeiia?aciaaiey. Iaeaieaa /anoi iieeou oi?ie?othony a ai?y/eo
enoi/ieeao, a i?eaeiiiuo ica?iuo e ii?neeo eeao.
Iie oa?aeoa?iu aeey iaeioi?uo ?aciiaeaeiinoae aieneoia, ia?aaioeaauo e
aeaeaciuo ?oae. ?acia?u iieeoia - io ieeeeiao?ia aei ianeieueeeo
naioeiao?ia.
Noa?ieeou e ii/eiaeaeiua aa?aaaou iacaaiu oae ii naiae ii?oieiaee.
Noa?ieeou i/aiue /anoi eiatho ii/oe eaeaaeueii-oa?iaeaeioth oi?io e
?acia? io aeieae aei 1-2 ni e aieaa. Iie eae oa?eee ia?anoatho ia
ae?oaea ieia?aeu e e ia noaiee ?aciuo ionoio a ?oaeao e ai?iuo
ii?iaeao. Noa?ieeou ia?acothony eeai eae ?acoeueoao ?anuaieaiiiai ?inoa
e?enoaeeia, eeai a ieo, eae a eiie?aoeee, anoue yae?uoei-ca?ii (eee
ca?ienoay ianna), ia eioi?ia ia?anoaao ieia?ae. Aneaaenoaea
aaiiao?e/aneiai ioai?a eee noaniaiiuo oneiaee e?enoaeeu iiaoo
?ac?anoaoueny, oieueei ?anoiaeynue eo/aie io oeaio?a noa?ieeoa.
Ii/eiaeaeiua aa?aaaou ninoiyo ec iiiaeanoaa nii?eeanathueony "ii/ae",
eaaeaeay ec eioi?uo eiaao, iiaeiaii noa?ieeoo, ?aaeeaeueii-eo/enoia
no?iaiea, i?aaaea iii ia anaaaea caiaoii iaaii?oaeaiiui aeacii.
Iniaaiii oeie/iia no?iaiea eiatho ii/eiaeaeiua aa?aaaou a?oeoa HFeO2 O
H2O e iaeaoeoa Cu2(CO3)(OH)2. Eo ia?aciaaiea i?ienoiaeeei ia ia?iaiie
iiaa?oiinoe ca n/ao a?oiiiaiai ?inoa e aaiiao?e/aneiai ioai?a
noa?ieeoia; inoaaaeenue e ?ac?anoaeenue oieueei oa noa?ieeou, eio?ua
iaoiaeeeenue ia auioeeinoyo noano?aoa. A iaeioi?uo ii/eiaeaeiuo
aa?aaaoao caiaoii ia oieueei ?aaeeaeueii-eo/enoia, ii e
eiioeaio?e/anee-ciiaeueiia no?iaiea, eae io?aaeaiea niaiu oneiaee i?e
?inoa aa?aaaoa. Iaeaieaa /anoi ii/eiaeaeiua aa?aaaou ia?acothony a
?acee/iuo ionoioao a i?eiiaa?oiinoiuo ciiao ?ac?ooaiey e auaao?eaaiey
?oae e ai?iuo ii?iae.
Oece/aneea naienoaa ieia?aeia. Oece/aneea naienoaa ieia?aeia eiatho
aieueoia i?aeoe/aneia cia/aiea (?aaeeiaeoeaiinoue, ethieienoeaioeey,
iaaieoiinoue, oa??aeinoue, iioe/aneea naienoaa e ae?.) e i/aiue aaaeiu
aeey eo aeeaaiinoeee. Iie caaenyo io oeie/aneiai ninoaaa e oeia
e?enoaeee/aneie no?oeoo?u. Iai?eia?, ?aaeeiaeoeaiua naienoaa ieia?aeia
caaenyo io oeie/aneiai ninoaaa - iaee/ea ?aaeeiaeoeaiuo yeaiaioia,
niaeiinoue ieia?aeia caaeneo io iniaaiiinoae eo e?enoaeee/aneie
no?oeoo?u, ieioiinoue - io oeie/aneiai ninoaaa e io oeia e?enoaeee/aneie
no?oeoo?u. Oece/aneea naienoaa iiaoo i?aaenoaaeyoue neaey?ioth aaea/eio
(iacaaeneiu io iai?aaeaiey), iai?eia? ieioiinoue, eee auoue aaeoi?iuie
(caaenyueie io iai?aaeaiey), iai?eia? oa??aeinoue, niaeiinoue,
iioe/aneea naienoaa.
Ieioiinoue. Ieioiinoe ieia?aeia (a a/ni3) eieaaethony io aaea/ei,
i?eia?ii ?aaiuo aaeeieoeu, aei 23.0 (ieaoeienoue e?eaeee). Iiaeaaeythuay
ianna ieia?aeia eiaao ieioiinoue io 2.5 aei 3.5, /oi iaoneaaeeaaao
ieioiinoue caiiie ei?u, ?aaioth i?ea?ii 2.7-2.8.
Ieia?aeu ii ieioiinoe oneiaii iiaeii ?acaeaeeoue ia o?e a?oiiu: e?aeea
(ieioiinoue aei 3.0), n?aaeiea (ieioiinoue io 3.0 aei 4) e oyae?eua
(ieioiinoue aieaa 4).
Iaeioi?ua ieia?aeu eaaei ociathony ii aieueoie ieioiinoe (aa?eo4.6,
oea?onneo 6.5). Eae i?aaeei, ieie?aeu, niaea?aeauea oyae?eua iaoaeeu,
eiatho aieueooth ieioiinoue. Iaeaieueooth ieioiinoue eiatho naii?iaeiua
yeaiaiou - cieioi, na?aa?i, ieia?aeu a?oiiu ieaoeiu. A e?enoaeeao
iaeiiai e oiai aea ninoaaa ieioiinoue ii?aaeaeyaony oa?aeoa?ii oiaeiaee
aoiiia a aaeaie/iie no?oeoo?iie y/aeea.
Aeey ieia?aeia, i?aaenoaaeythueo eciii?oiua ?yaeu, oaaea/aiea (eee
oiaiueoaiea) ieioiinoe i?iii?oeeiiaeueii eciaiaeth oeie/aneiai ninoaaa.
Iaoaie/aneea naienoaa ieia?aeia iaia?oaeeaatho i?e iaoaie/aneii
aeaenoaee ia ieo: i?e naeaoee, ?anoyaeaiee e oaea?a. Oae aea, eae e
iioe/aneea naienoaa, iie ?acee/iu a ?aciuo iai?aaeaieyo e naycaiu n
aiec?o?iieae e?enoaeeia. E /eneo aaaeiaeoeo iaoaie/aneeo naienoa ioiinyo
niaeiinoue e oa??aeinoue.
Niaeiinoue - niiniaiinoue e?enoaeeia ?aneaeuaaoueny ii ii?aaeae?iiui
e?enoaeeia?aoe/aneei ieineinoyi n ia?aciaaieai aeanoyueo iiaa?oiinoae.
Niaeiinoue iiaeao i?iyaeyony a iaeiii, aeaoo, o??o, /aou??o e oanoe
e?enoaeeia?aoe/aneeo iai?aaeaieyo.
Ii/aio a iaeieo iai?aaeaieyo e?enoaeeu ?aneaeuaathony ii niaeiinoe, a a
ae?oaeo iao? I?e/eia niaeiinoe caeeth/aaony a neea noeaieaiey iaaeaeo
/anoeoeaie e?enoaeea, a iineaaeiyy caaeneo io ?annoiyiey iaaeaeo
/anoeoeaie e io aaea/eiu eiiiuo ca?yaeia, acaeiiaeaenoaothueo iaaeaeo
niaie. Ieineinoe niaeiinoe aeieaeiu auoue ia?aeeaeueiu ieineei naoeai
i?ino?ainoaaiiie ?ao?oee n iaeaieueoeie iaaeieineinoiuie ?annoiyieyie.
Aeey ioeaiee niaeiinoe nouanoaoao neaaeothuay oeaea:
1. Niaeiinoue aanueia niaa?oaiiay - e?enoaee eieaony ia oii/aeoea
ieanoeiee n ca?eaeueiie iiaa?oiinoueth (nethaea, aein).
2. Niaeiinoue niaa?oaiiay - e?enoaee a ethaii ianoa eieaony ii
ii?aaeae?iiui iai?aaeaieyi, ia?acoy ?iaiua iiaa?oiinoe; iai?aaeeueiue
eceii iieo/aaony e?aeia ?aaeei (eaeueoeeo, aaeeo, aaeaieo).
3. Niaeiinoue n?aaeiyy - i?e ?aneiea ia?acothony eae ?iaiua niaeiua
iiaa?oiinoe, oae e ia?iaiua iiaa?oiinoe eceiia (iieaaua oiaou, ?iaiaay
iaiaiea).
4. Niaeiinoue ianiaa?oaiiay - ?iaiua niaeiua iiaa?oiinoe ?aaeee, i?e
eceiia aieueoae /anoueth ia?acoaony iai?aaeeueiue eceii (aa?ee, aiaoeo).
5. Niaeiinoue aanueia ianiaa?oaiiay - i?aeoe/anee iao niaeiinoe,
e?enoaeeu eiatho ia?iaiua iiaa?oiinoe eceiia i?e ?aneiea (eaa?oe,
eanneoa?eo).
A ?acee/iuo iai?aaeaieyo niaeiinoue e?enoaeea iiaeao auoue iaeeiaeiaie
eee ?aciie ii noaiaie niaa?oainoaa.
Oa??aeinoue. Iiae oa??aeinoueth e?enoaeea iiieiaaony aai nii?ioeaeaiea
iaoaie/aneiio aicaeaenoaeth aieaa i?i/iiai oaea.
Nouanoaoao ianeieueei iaoiaeia ii?aaeaeaiey oa??aeinoe. A
ieia?aeiae/aneie i?aeoeea i?eiyoa oeaea Iiina. Iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue
ioiineoaeueiinoue oeaeu: anee oaeuee eiaao oa??aeinoue 1, a aein
oa??aeinoue 2, oi yoi ia icia/aao, /oi aein a 2 ?aca oa??aea oaeueea.
Oiaea naiia iiaeii neacaoue e ioiineoaeueii ae?oaeo ieia?aeao-yoaeiiao.
Oa??aeinoue eo oneiaia, e i?e ii?aaeaeaiee ae?oaeie iaoiaeaie iieo/aiu
ae?oaea cia/aiey.
Oae aea, eae e niaeiinoue, oa??aeinoue e?enoaeeia iaia?oaeeaaao
aiecio?iieth. E?enoaeeu aeiaca eiatho iaeaieueooth niaeiinoue ia a?aiyo
ieoayae?a, iaiueooth ia a?aiyo ?iiaiaeiaeaeayae?a, au? iaiueooth ia
a?aiyo eoaa.
Iioe/aneea naienoaa. A anoanoaaiiii naaoa eieaaaiey yeaeo?e/aneiai e
iaaieoiiai aaeoi?ia niaa?oathony a eaaeaeue iiiaio a ?acee/iuo
iai?aaeaieyo, anaaaea ia?iaiaeeeoey?iuo e iai?aaeaieth ?ani?ino?aiaiey
naaoiaie aieiu (o.a. ia?iaiaeeeoey?ii e naaoiaiio eo/o).Oaeie naao iineo
iacaaiea iaiiey?eciaaiiiai, eee i?inoiai.
I?e i?ioiaeaeaiee /a?ac iioe/anee aiecio?iiioth n?aaeo naao noaiiaeony
iiey?eciaaiiui. Eieaaaiey iiey?eciaaiiiai naaoa i?ioiaeyo eeoue a iaeiie
ieineinoe, i?ioiaeyuae /a?ac iai?aaeaiea aeaeaeaiey naaoiaie aieiu.
Iiey?ecaoeey naaoa i?ienoiaeeo i?e i?ioiaeaeaiee /a?ac ana e?enoaeeu, ca
eneeth/aieai e?enoaeeia eoae/aneie neiaiiee; iineaaeiea a iioe/aneii
ioiioaiee ecio?iiiu. Anoanoaaiiue naao, iinooiathuee a e?enoaee,
?aniaaeaaony ia aeaa naaoiaua aieiu, ?ani?ino?aiythueany n ?acee/iuie
nei?inoyie. Iaa aieiu noaiiayony iiey?eciaaiiuie, i?e/?i ieineinoe eo
eieaaaiee acaeiii ia?iaiaeeeoey?iu. Yoi yaeaiea iacuaaaony
aeaoi?aeiieaieai, eee aeaieiui naaoii?aeiieaieai. Aeaoi?aeiieaiea auei
ioe?uoi Aa?oieeiii a 1669 a. e a aeaeueiaeoai auei eco/aii O.
Atheaainii.
A e?enoaeeao o?eaiiaeueiie, oao?aaiiaeueiie e aaenaaiiaeueiie neiaiiee
eiaaony oieueei iaeii iai?aaeaiea, ii eioi?iio ia i?ienoiaeeo aeaieiiai
naaoii?aeiieaiey. Yoi iai?aaeaiea iacuaaaony iioe/aneie inueth, iii
niaiaaeaao n inueth neiiao?ee aunoaai ii?yaeea. Iiyoiio e?enoaeeu
n?aaeieo neiaiiee iacuaathony iioe/anee iaeiiiniuie. A e?enoaeeao
o?eeeeiiie, iiiieeeiiie e ?iiae/aneie neiaiiee eiathony aeaa
iai?aaeaiey, ii eioi?ui ia i?ienoiaeeo aeaieiiai naaoii?aeiieaiey; iie a
iioe/aneii ioiioaiee aeaoiniu.
A e?enoaeeao n?aaeieo neiaiiee nei?inoue ?ani?ino?aiaiey naaoiauo aiei
?acee/ia. Naaoiaay aieia, ?ani?ino?aiythuayny n iaeeiaeiaie nei?inoueth
ai anao iai?aaeaieyo, iacuaaaony iaueiiaaiiie, a ?ani?ino?aiythuayny a
?acee/iuo iai?aaeaieyo n ?acee/iie nei?inoueth - iaiaueiiaaiiie.
Iiaa?oiinoueth ia?aie naaoiaie aieiu yaeyaony oa?, a aoi?ie - yeeeinieae
a?auaiey.
Oeaao. Ieia?aeu iiaoo eiaoue naiua ?acee/iua oeaaoa e iooaiee. Oeaao
ieia?aeia caaeneo io eo aioo?aiiae no?oeoo?u, io iaoaie/aneeo i?eianae e
aeaaiui ia?acii io i?enoonoaey yeaiaioia-o?iiioi?ia, o.a. iineoaeae
ie?anee. Ecaanoiu iiiaea yeaiaiou-o?iiioi?u, oaeiau Cr, V, Ti, Mn, Fe,
Ni, Co, Cu, U, Mo e iaeioi?ua ae?oaea. Yoe yeaiaiou iiaoo auoue a
ieia?aea aeaaiuie, eee iiaoo auoue a aeaea i?eianae.
Iiaaaeaeinoue - i?no?ay eee ?aaeoaeiay ie?anea i?eiiaa?oiinoiiai neiy.
Iia iauyniyaony iiyaeaieai oiieeo iiaa?oiinoiuo ie?iie ca n/?o
eciaiaiey, iai?eia? ieeneaiey, ieia?aeia.
Oeaao /a?ou. Ieia?aeu, oa??aeinoue eioi?uo iaaaeeea, inoaaeytho /a?oo ia
iaaeaco?iaaiiie oa?oi?iaie ieanoeiea. Oeaao /a?ou, eee oeaao ieia?aea a
ii?ioea iiaeao ioee/aony io oeaaoa naiiai ieia?aea.
Aeane. ?acee/atho ieia?aeu n iaoaeee/aneei e iaiaoaeee/aneei aeaneii.
Iaoaeee/aneee aeane eiatho oa ieia?aeu (ia caaeneii io eo ie?anee),
eioi?ua aeatho /??ioth /a?oo. Iaiaoaeee/aneee aeane oa?aeoa?ai aeey
ieia?aeia, aeathueo oeaaoioth eee aaeoth /a?oo. Eneeth/aieai yaeythony
oieueei naii?iaeiua yeaiaiou.
Iaaieoiinoue. Yoi naienoai oa?aeoa?ii aeey iaiiiaeo ieia?aeia. Iaeaieaa
neeueiuie iaaieoiuie naienoaaie iaeaaeaao iaaiaoeo. Ieia?aeu
iaeaaeathuea neeueiui iiey?iui iaaiaoeciii, iacuaathony oa??iiaaieoiuie.
Nouanoaotho au?: ethieianoeaioeey, ie?iyeaeo?e/anoai, ?aaeeiaeoeaiinoue
e ae?.
Yiaeiaaiiua i?ioeannu ieia?aeiia?aciaaiey. Yiaeiaaiiua i?ioeannu anaaaea
oae eee eia/a naycaiu n aeayoaeueiinoueth iaaiu. N?aaee ieo auaeaeytho:
Iaaiaoe/aneea i?ioeannu. E nianoaaiii iaaiaoe/aneei i?ioeannai
ieia?aeiia?aciaaiey ioiinyony oa, i?e eioi?uo ieia?aeu ia?acothony
iaiin?aaenoaaiii i?e e?enoaeeecaoeee iaaiu. Eiaiii oae aicieeee ana
ieia?aeu, neaaathuea iaaiaoe/aneea ai?iua ii?iaeu.
Eae ecaanoii ec eo?na iauae aaieiaee, iaaiaoe/aneea ai?iua ii?iaeu
aeaeyony ia aeaa aieueoea a?oiiu: eio?oceaiua, cae?enoaeeeciaaaoeany ia
aeoaeia, e yoooceaiua, ia?aciaaaoeany aaeece eee ia iiaa?oiinoe caiee.
Iaaiaoe/aneea i?ioeannu ieia?aeiia?aciaaiey iiaoo auoue naycaiu e n
eio?oceyie e n yoooceyie
Iaaiaoeoiaue i?ioeann. I?e e?enoaeeecaoeee a?aieoiie iaaiu, ia?acoaony
inoaoi/iue neeeeaoiue ?anieaa, aiaaoue niaaeeiaieyie ?aaeeeo e
?aaeeicaiaeueiuo yeaiaioia e eaoo/eie aauanoaaie - ieia?aeecaoi?aie.
Yoio neeeeaoiue ?anieaa aiaae?yaony ai aiauathuea ii?iaeu, caiieiyao a
ieo o?aueiu e iieinoe e, e?enoaeeecoynue, ia?acoao aeeeueiua
e?oiiie?enoaeee/aneea oaea - iaaiaoeou.
Iaaiaoeou aiaaou ?acee/iuie ieia?aeaie. E?iia aeaaiuo ii?iaeiia?acothueo
ieia?aeia - iee?ieeeia, ieaaeieeacia e aeioeoa - /anoi ano?a/athony
oo?iaeeiu, aeey iaeioi?uo iaaiaoeoia oa?aeoa?iu aa?eee, niiaeoiai e
iiiaea ae?oaea.
Iaaiaoeoiaua aeeeu iiaoo aeinoeaaoue ianeieueeeo eeeiiao?ia a aeeeio e
ianeieueeeo aeanyoeia iao?ia iiuiinoe. Ieia?aeu iaaiaoeoia oaeaea
aeinoeaatho aieueoeo ?acia?ia.
Iaaiaoeou /anoi eiatho ciiaeueiia no?iaiea, i?e/?i ?aciua ieia?aeu
i?eo?i/aiu e ?aciui ciiai.
Iiaaiaoieeoiaue i?ioeann. Iiaaiaoieec - i?ioeann ia?aciaaiey ieia?aeia
ec aaciaie oacu. Ia iaeioi?uo yoaiao e?enoaeeecaoeee iaaiu aiciiaeii
ioaeaeaiea aacia. Ii ia?a aeaeaeaiey aaa?o ii o?aueiai yoe aacu
ioeaaeaeathony, ?aaae?otho ae?oa n ae?oaii e n aiauathueie ii?iaeaie, a
?acoeueoaoa /aai ia?acothony ieia?aeu. Iiaaiaoieeou (i?iaeoeou
iiaaiaoieeca) aeaeyony ia aoeeaie/aneea e aeoaeiiua.
Aoeeaie/aneea iiaaiaoieeou ia?acothony a aoeeaie/aneeo iaeanoyo ca n/?o
aacia, ioaeaeythueony io iaaiu aaeece eee ia iiaa?oiinoe caiee.
Aoeeaie/aneea aacu a ia?iiiuo eiee/anoaao ooiaeyo a aoiinoa?o /a?ac
aea?ea aoeeaiia, ooia?ieu e o?aueiu.
A i?ioeanna aicaiia aaca a o?aueiao eaaiauo iie?iaia e e?aoa?ao aoeeaiia
i?ienoiaeeo ia?aciaaiea ieia?aeia. I?aeiouanoaaiii yoi oei?eaeu e
noeueoaou - ieia?aeu, eaaei ?anoai?eiua e iiyoiio ia iaaethaeaaiua a
aieueoeo eiee/anoaao. Iau/ii ana ieia?aeu, ia?acothueany i?e
aoeeaie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe, eiatho aeae iae?oia, iaeeie?enoaeee/aneeo
ei?i/ae eee caieenouo aa?aaaoia.
E aoeeaie/aneei aicaiiai, naycaiiui n aacaeueoiaie iaaiie, iiaeii
ioianoe neiieaiey noeueoeaeia ia aeia Ainoi/ii-Oeoiieaaineiai iiaeiyoey
(ia aeoaeia ieiei 2.5 ei). A ciia ni?aaeeiaa iaia?oaeaiu aeoeaii
aeaenoaothuea aoeeaie/aneea aea?ea, ecaa?aathuea oa??aeua /anoeoeu e
oetheaeu n oaiia?aoo?ie 350-400N. Ia "aea?eiauo ieiuaaeyo" ia?acothony
noeueoeaeiua oieiu aunioie aei 10 i.
Neiieaiey noeueoeaeia ii anae aa?iyoiinoe ia?aciaaiiu aeaaiaea?y
?aaeoeoeee noeueoaoa ieaaineie aiaeu ai a?aiy a? oee?eoeyoeee, a oaeaea
aeaaiaea?y iiaeeecaoeee aauanoaa ec aacaeueoia.
Aeoaeiiua iiaaiaoieeou ia?acothony a oii neo/aa, eiaaea aacu
ioaeaeythony io iaaiaoe/aneiai i/aaa a iaae?ao caiiie ei?u. Iie
i?ina/eaathony neaicue ai?iua ii?iaeu, ?aaae?otho n ieie, i?aia?acoy eo
oeie/aneee e ieia?aeueiue ninoaa. Noaiaiue oeie/aneeo i?aia?aciaaiee
ii?iae iiae aeaenoaeai aacia caaeneo io eo oeie/aneie aeoeaiinoe,
ninoaaa ii?iae, oaeoiie/aneiai no?iaiey e aeeeoaeueiinoe i?ioeanna.
Aeae?ioa?iaeueiue i?ioeann. Aeae?ioa?iu - ai?y/ea aiaeiua ?anoai?u,
ioaeaeythueany io iaaiu eee ia?acothueany a ?acoeueoaoa naeeaeaiey
aacia.
I?e/eia aeaeaeaiey aeae?ioa?i - ?aciinoue aeaaeaiee. Eiaaea aioo?aiia
aeaaeaiea ?anoai?ia aieueoa aiaoiaai, ?anoai?u aeaeaeoony a noi?iio
iaeiaiueoaai aeaaeaiey, iau/ii aaa?o, e iiaa?oiinoe caiee. I?e nai?i
aeaeaeaiee iie eniieuecotho ?acee/iua oaeoiie/aneea ia?ooaiey, o?aueiu,
ciiu eiioaeoia. Ii ia?a oaeaeaiey ?anoai?ia io iaaiaoe/aneiai i/aaa
oaiia?aoo?a eo iaaeaao. A ?acoeueoaoa iaaeaiey oaiia?aoo?u e ?aaeoeee n
aiauathueie ii?iaeaie aeae?ioa?iu ioeaaatho naie a?oc a aeaea ieia?aeia.
Auaeaeaiea ieia?aeia ec aiaeiuo ?anoai?ia e i?aaenoaaeyao niaie
nouiinoue aeae?ioa?iaeueiiai i?ioeanna.
Iineieueeo aeae?ioa?iu iau/ii aeaeaeoony ii o?aueiai, oi?ia aieueoeinoaa
aeae?ioa?iaeueiuo ieia?aeueiuo oae aeeeueiay. Aeaaiaeoei aeeeueiui
ieia?aeii yaeyaony eaa?oe.
Yeciaaiiua i?ioeannu ieia?aeiia?aciaaiey. A iiaa?oiinoiie ciia caiiie
ei?u i?ienoiaeeo iiuiue i?ioeann ?ac?ooaiey ieia?aeia e ai?iuo ii?iae.
Niaieoiiinoue yaeaiee oeie/aneiai e oece/aneiai ?ac?ooaiey iineo iauaa
iacaaiea auaao?eaaiey.
I?ioeannu auaao?eaaiey. I?ioeannu auaao?eaaiey i?eaiaeyo e iaoaie/aneiio
?ac?ooaieth e oeie/aneiio ?aceiaeaieth ii?iae e ieia?aeia.
Aaaioaie auaao?eaaiey yaeythony aiaea e aaoa?, eieaaaiey oaiia?aoo?u
aaeece iiaa?oiinoe, eenei?iae e oaeaeeneioa aicaeooa,
aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoue i?aaieciia. Eioaineaiinoue auaao?eaaiey oaeaea
caaeneo io eeeiaoa, ?aeueaoa ianoiinoe, oeie/aneiai ninoaaa ii?iae e
ieia?aeia.
A ?acoeueoaoa oece/aneiai auaao?eaaiey i?ienoiaeeo iaoaie/aneia
?ac?ooaiea ii?iae e ieia?aeia - eo aeaceioaa?aoeey. Iaeiii/iue iaoa?eae
eeai inoa?ony ia ianoa, eeai ia?aiineony aiaeiuie iioieaie. Iiauo
ieia?aeia i?e yoii ia ia?acoaony, ii a ?acoeueoaoa iaoaie/aneiai
?ac?ooaiey, ia?aiina e ioeiaeaiey ia?acothony ?innuie - aaaeiue enoi/iee
iiiaeo oeaiiuo ieia?aeia.
I?e oeie/aneii auaao?eaaiee i?ienoiaeeo oeie/aneia ?aceiaeaiea ieia?aeia
e ia?acothony iiaua ieia?aeu, onoie/eaua a iiaa?oiinoiuo oneiaeyo.
Aieueoia cia/aiea eiatho i?ioeannu auaao?eaaiey a ?oaeiuo
ianoi?iaeaeaieyo. Ai ane?uouo y?iceae ?oaeiuo aeeeao ia?ae/iua ?oaeiua
ieia?aeu, a iniaaiiinoe noeueoeaeu, eaaei ?ac?ooathony e ia?aoiaeyo ai
aoi?e/iua, ieeneaiiua ieia?aeu - noeueoaou, ieeneu, ea?aiiaou e ae?oaea
niaaeeiaiey.
A ?acoeueoaoa ia?acothony ciiu ieeneaiey noeueoeaeiuo ianoi?iaeaeaiee,
eee ciiu "aeaeaciie oeyiu".
Aeaaiui ieia?aeii ciiu ieeneaiey yaeyaony eeiiieo.
Ieaea o?iaiy a?oioiauo aiae neaaeoao ciia oeaiaioaoeee, eee aoi?e/iiai
noeueoeaeiiai iaiaauaiey, ca eioi?ie iaoiaeyony ia?ae/iua ia ieeneaiiua
?oaeu. A ciia oeaiaioaoeee aiaeu niaea?aeao na?iaiaei?iae e na?ioth
eeneioo; a ieo ionoonoaoao naiaiaeiue eenei?iae. Noeueoaou iaoaeeia
?aaae?otho n ia?ae/iuie ?oaeaie, a ?acoeueoaoa /aai ia?acothony
aoi?e/iua ?oaeu.
Inaaei/iue i?ioeann. ?ac?ooaiiua a ?acoeueoaoa auaao?eaaiey ia?iiiua
iannu ai?iuo ii?iae e ieia?aeia ia?aiauathony oaeo/eie aiaeaie. I?e yoii
i?ienoiaeeo ni?oe?iaea iaoa?eaea e aai ioeiaeaiea. Oae ia?acothony
iaoaie/aneea inoaoee, eiathuea i/aiue oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea.
Oeie/aneia inaaeaeaiea ieia?aeia iiaeao i?ienoiaeeoue eae ec enoeiiuo
oae e ec eieeieaeiuo ?anoai?ia. Ec ia?anuuaiiuo ?anoai?ia aauanoaa
auiaaeaee a inaaeie. Oaeiai i?ienoiaeaeaiea ?acee/iuo nieae: aeina,
aaeeoa, ea?iaeeeoa e ae?. Yoi - oeie/aneea inoaoee.
Aieueooth ?ieue a ?ac?ooaiee ieia?aeia e ai?iuo ii?iae e a eo
iiaiia?aciaaiee ea?atho aeeaua i?aaieciu, aeaaiui ia?acii ?acee/iua
aaeoa?ee. Iiyoiio iiaeii auaeaeeoue aeiaaiiue eee oi/iaa aeioeie/aneee
i?ioeann. Onoaiiaeaii o/anoea i?aaieciia a ia?aciaaiee oinoi?eoia,
naii?iaeiie na?u, ?oae aeaeaca e ia?aaioea. Ieia?aeu, ia?aciaaaoeany i?e
o/anoee i?aaieciia i?aaeeiaeeee iacuaaoue aeieeoaie. E aeieeoai iiaeii
ioianoe e ii?iaeu, iai?eia?, ea?aiiaoiua (ecaanoiyee, iae), eioi?ua
ia?aciaaeenue a ?acoeueoaoa neiieaiey i?aaieciia n ecaanoeiaui neaeaoii,
a oaeaea eaiaiiue oaieue, oi?o e ae?.
Iaoaii?oe/aneea ai?iua ii?iaeu. Inaaei/iua ai?iua ii?iaeu aeaaiaea?y
aeaeaeaieyi caiiie ei?u iiaoo iiianoue a aieaa aeoaieea ciiu eeoinoa?u,
aaea nouanoaotho eiua oa?iiaeeiaie/aneea oneiaey, /ai ia iiaa?oiinoe.
I?e yoii iie aoaeoo eniuouaaoue eciaiaiey - iaoaii?oeci, aeaaiuie
oaeoi?aie eioi?iai yaeythony oaiia?aoo?a e aeaaeaiea. Iaoaieci
iaoaii?oe/aneeo i?ioeannia caeeth/aaony a iaacaiaeeaaiee,
ia?ae?enoaeeecaoeee e iaoaniiaoe/aneeo yaeaieyo. Oae, ecaanoiye,
iiaeaa?aaynue iaoaii?oecio, ia?aoiaeeo a e?enoaeee/aneoth ca?ienooth
ii?iaeo - i?aii?, ian/aiee - a eaa?oeeo. Iaoaii?oecio iiaoo
iiaeaa?aaoueny ia oieueei inaaei/iua, ii e iaaiaoe/aneea ii?iaeu.
Auaeaeytho eiioaeoiaue, aeeneieaoeeiiiue e ?aaeiiaeueiue iaoaii?oeci.
Eiioaeoiaue iaoaii?oeci i?iyaeyaony ia eiioaeoa aeaoo ii?iae, iau/ii
iaaiaoe/aneie e inaaei/iie. Anee iaaiaoe/aneee ?anieaa, eiathuee
oaiia?aoo?o ieiei 1000 e aiaaoue ?acee/iuie aacaie, iiae aieueoei
aeaaeaieai aiaae?yaony a auoaeaaeauea ii?iaeu, oi, anoanoaaiii,
iineaaeiea aeieaeiu n iei ?aaae?iaaoue, iniaaiii, anee yoi oeie/anee
aeoeaiua ii?iaeu, oaeea, iai?eia?, eae ecaanoiyee.
Aeeneieaoeeiiiue iaoaii?oeci iau/ii au?aaeaaony a ae?iaeaiee e
ia?aoe?aiee ai?iuo ii?iae e a ia?aciaaiee oaeoiie/aneeo a?ae/ee.
?aaeiiaeueiue iaoaii?oeci i?ioaeaao ia aieueoeo aeoaeiao e caoaaouaaao
ia?iiiua ieiuaaee. I?e ?aaeiiaeueiii iaoaii?oecia, iai?eia? a
?acoeueoaoa ia?ae?enoaeeecaoeee i?e iaeiinoi?iiiai aeaaeaiee, iiaoo
ia?aciauaaoueny ieia?aeu, eioi?ua a ae?oaeo oneiaeyo ia aicieeatho.
N ?aaeiiaeueiui iaoaii?oeciii naycuaatho oaeaea ia?aciaaiea oae
iacuaaaiuo nooeo o?auei. Yoe aeeeueiua oaea, ?acaeoua a iaoaii?oe/aneeo
ii?iaeao, ia?acothony aeaaiaea?y oaeoiie/aneei iai?yaeaieyi a ianoao
?ac?uaa.
Oeiiii?oiua i?eciaee, aaia?aoeee e ia?aaaiacen ieia?aeia. I?eciaee ii
eioi?ui n ecaanoiui i?eaeeaeaieai iiaeii onoaiiaeoue ninoaa, oaiia?aoo?o
ia?aciaaiey eee i?ienoiaeaeaiea ieia?aeia, iinyo iacaaiey oeiiii?oiuo.
Ieia?aeu ia?acothony a i?e?iaea i?e ii?aaeae?iiuo oeceei-oeie/aneeo
oneiaeyo n?aaeu. Eciaiaiea yoeo oneiaee, iai?eia? ninoaaa n?aaeu,
i?eaiaeeo aei ecaanoiie noaiaie e eciaiaeth ninoaaa ieia?aeia, /oi
io?aaeaaony ia eo oeaaoa.
Ieia?aeu, iaeaaeathuea oeiiii?oiuie i?eciaeaie, iacuaathony oeiiii?oiuie
ieia?aeaie.
Eaaeaeue ieia?ae ia?acoaony a ii?aaeae?iiii oaiia?aoo?iii eioa?aaea.
Eiiaaea yoio eioa?aae ninoaaeyao nioie a?aaeonia, a ae?oaeo neo/ayo
oaiia?aoo?a ia?aciaaiey aieaa eee iaiaa ii?aaeaeaia. Yoi iicaieyao
oneiaii a?aaeoe?iaaoue i?ioeannu ieia?aeiia?aciaaiey. Oae, iai?eia?,
ieceioaiia?aoo?iue eaa?oe ia?acoaony i?e oaiia?aoo?a ieaea 575N.
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, e ae?oaea ieia?aeu, ia?aciaaaoeany iaeiia?aiaiii n iei
eee iinea iaai, oaeaea eiatho oaiia?aoo?o ia?aciaaiey ieaea 575N.
Ii acaeiiioiioaieyi ieia?aeia iaaeaeo niaie, o.a. ii ia?ana/aieth iaeieo
ieia?aeia ae?oaeie, a ?yaea neo/aaa oaea?ony onoaiiaeoue ii?yaeie eo
auaeaeaiey. Ia?aaeei iaeei e oio aea ieia?ae auaeaeyaony ianeieueei ?ac
a i?ioeanna ieia?aeiia?aciaaiey, o.a. eiaao ianeieueei aaia?aoeee.
Ieia?aeu ?acee/iuo aaia?aoeee ia?aaeei ioee/athony ae?oa io ae?oaa ii
oeie/aneiio ninoaao e aiaoiei i?eciaeai - oeaaoo, aaee/eia ca?ia,
ia?aiea e o. ae. Oae, eaa?oe aieaa ?aiieo aaia?aoeee /anoi eiaao na?ue
oeaao, a aieaa iicaeieo - aaeue.
Ia?aaaiacen - niaianoiia ia?aciaaiea ieia?aeia a i?e?iaeiuo i?ioeannao.
Ia?aaaiaoe/aneea annioeeaoeee ieia?aeia - yoi a?oiiu ieia?aeia,
ia?aciaaaoeany aeaaiaea?y iaeiiio e oiio aea i?ioeanno.
Eeanneoeeaoeey ieia?aeia. Eeanneoeoee?iaaoue ieia?aeu iiaeii ii ?yaeo
i?eciaeia. Iiaeii auaeaeyoue ieia?aeu ii aaaeouaio eee oa?aeoa?iiio
yeaiaioo, ?anniao?eaay, iai?eia?, ieia?aeu, niaea?aeauea iaaeue, naeiaoe
e o.ae. Nouanoaotho aaiaoe/aneea eeanneoeeaoeee, a eioi?uo auaeaeytho
ieia?aeu ii eo i?ienoiaeaeaieth, iai?eia?, ieia?aeu iaaiaoe/aneea,
iaaiaoeoiaua, nea?iiaua e o.ae. Ana yoe eeanneoeeaoeee ia
oaeiaeaoai?eoaeueiu ii ?yaeo i?e/ei, ii iiaoo auoue eniieueciaaiu eae
aeiiieieoaeueiue ni?aai/iue iaoa?eae.
Iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?ai?iiie yaeyaony oeie/aneay eeanneoeeaoeey ieia?aeia.
A iniiao auaeaeaiey a?oii a yoie eeanneoeeaoeee iieiaeai oeie/aneee
i?eioeei. Eeanneoeoee?iaaoue ieia?aeu ioaeii ii oeie/aneiio i?eioeeio
(ii oeiai oeie/aneeo niaaeeiaiee, ii oa?aeoa?o oeie/aneie nayce) n
iaycaoaeueiui o/?oii no?oeoo?iuo iniaaiiinoae ieia?aeia.
I?aaeaea anaai a oea?noaa ieia?aeia iiaeii ?acee/aoue yeaiaioa?iua
aauanoaa e niaaeeiaiey. N?aaee yeaiaioa?iuo aauanoa iu ?anniio?ei iaeei
eeann ieia?aeia, ano?a/athueony a aeaea naiaiaeiuo yeaiaioia, -
naii?iaeiua yeaiaiou.
N?aaee niaaeeiaiee ii oeie/aneiio i?eciaeo (aaaeouei aieiiai)
auaeaeythony neaaeothuea oeiu.
I oei. Na?ienoua niaaeeiaiey eee noeueoeaeu. Yoi niaaeeiaiey iaoaeeia n
na?ie eee aiaeiaaie na?u - iuoueyeii, no?ueiie, oaeeo?ii, naeaiii.
II oei. Aaeieaeiua niaaeeiaiey eee aaeiaaieaeu. Ioiinyueany nthaea
ieia?aeu i?aaenoaaeytho niaie niaaeeiaiey n aaeiaaiaie - ooi?ii, oei?ii
e ai?acaei ?aaea a?iiii e eiaeii.
III oei. Eenei?iaeiua niaaeeiaiey, n?aaee eioi?uo iiaeii auaeaeeoue
ieneaeu - niaaeeiaiey iaoaeeia n eenei?iaeii e eenei?iaeiua niee
(ieniniee) - niaaeeiaiey iaoaeeia n eiiieaeniuie eenei?iaeiuie aieiiaie.
Iineaaeiea /?acau/aeii oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiu a i?e?iaea, iie yaeythony
aeaaiaeoeie ieia?aeaie, neaaathueie caiioth ei?o.
Naii?iaeiua yeaiaiou. A naii?iaeiii ninoiyiee a i?e?iaea ecaanoiu ieiei
40 oeie/aneeo yeaiaioia, ii aieueoeinoai ec ieo ano?a/aaony i/aiue
?aaeei.
Iaoiaeaeaiea yeaiaioia a naii?iaeiii aeaea naycaii ni no?iaieai eo
aoiiia, eiathueo onoie/eaua yeaeo?iiiua iaiei/ee. Oeie/anee eia?oiua a
i?e?iaeiuo oneiaeyo yeaiaiou iacuaathony aeaai?iaeiuie; naii?iaeiia
ninoiyiea aeey ieo yaeyaony iaeaieaa oa?aeoa?iui. E iei ioiinyony cieioi
Au, na?aa?i Ag, ieaoeia Pt e yeaiaiou a?oiiu ieaoeiu. I/aiue /anoi a
naii?iaeiii ninoiyiee ano?a/athony oaea?iae N, na?a S e iaaeue Cu.
?aaea ano?a/athony oae iacuaaaiua iieoiaoaeeu: iuoueye As, no?ueia Sb,
aenioo Bi. Oaeea ieia?aeu eae aeaeaci Fe, naeiaoe Pb, ieiai Sn, ?oooue
Hg, ano?a/athony eae naii?iaeiua e?aeia ?aaeei e iaoiaeaeaiea eo
i?aaenoaaeyao eeoue iao/iue eioa?an. Iaeioi?ua yeaiaiou (o?ii,
aethieiee) aiiaua ia ano?a/athony a naii?iaeiii aeaea.
Noeueoeaeu. Na?ienouo e aiaeiae/iuo ei ieia?aeia ian/eouaatho aieaa 200
aeaeia, ii iauaa niaea?aeaiea eo a caiiie ei?a iaaaeeei e ia i?aauoaao
0.15%.
N oeie/aneie oi/ee c?aiey iie yaeythony a iniiaiii i?iecaiaeiuie
na?iaiaei?iaea H2S. A iaeioi?uo ?aaeeeo ieia?aeao ianoi na?u caieiatho
Se e Te. Ii aiaeiaee n noeueoeaeaie oaeaea auaeaeytho a?naieaeu e
aioeiiieaeu. Ai anao yoeo niaaeeiaieyo oe?iei ?acaeou eciii?oiua
caiauaiey iaeieo yeaiaioia ae?oaeie.
Iaeaieueoaa ?ani?ino?aiaiea eiatho aeenoeueoeaeu e noeueoeaeu aeaeaca,
ia aeieth eioi?uo i?eoiaeeony ieiei 4/5 anao noeueoeaeia. Iau/iuie
noeueoeaeaie yaeythony noeueoeaeu iaaee, naeioea, oeeiea, na?aa?a,
no?ueiu e o.ae. A aeaea eciii?oiuo i?eianae a ninoaa noeueoeaeia aoiaeeo
oeaeue ?yae ?aaeeeo e ?annayiiuo yeaiaioia, ia ia?acothueo
naiinoiyoaeueiuo ieia?aeia.
Noeueoeaeu ca iaaieueoei eneeth/aieyie eiatho iaoaeee/aneee aeane,
aieueooth ieioiinoue e iaaunieoth oa??aeinoue. Ano?a/athony iie a aeaea
e?enoaeeia, ae?oc, /aua - a aeaea nieioiuo ca?ienouo iann e
ae?aieaiieeia.
I?ienoiaeaeaiea noeueoeaeia aeaaiui ia?acii aeae?ioa?iaeueiia, a oaeaea
iaaiaoe/aneia, nea?iiaia e aeey iaeioi?uo yeciaaiiuo - inaaei/iia.
I?e ieeneaiee noeueoeaeu ?aceaaathony e eaaei ia?aoiaeyo a ?acee/iua
aoi?e/iua ieia?aeu: ea?aiiaou, noeueoaou, ieeneu e neeeeaou, onoie/eaua
a iiaa?oiinoiuo oneiaeyo.
Noeueoeaeu eiatho aieueoia i?aeoe/aneia cia/aiea - yoi aaaeiaeoea ?oaeu
naeioea, oeeiea, iaaee, na?aa?a, ieeaey e ae?oaeo iaoaeeia.
Ii no?oeoo?iiio i?eioeeio n?aaee noeueoeaeia iiaeii auaeaeeoue
noeueoeaeu eii?aeeiaoeeiiiie, oeaii/a/iie, neienoie e ae?oaeo no?oeoo?.
Oae, iai?eia?, noeueoeaeu iiaeii eeanneoeoee?iaaoue, auaeaeyy
no?oeoo?iua iioeau: eii?aeeiaoeeiiiue, ino?iaiie, oeaii/a/iue, neienoue.
Ieeneu - niaaeeiaiey yeaiaioia n eenei?iaeii, a aeae?iieeneao
i?enoonoaoao oaeaea aiaea. A caiiie ei?a ia aeieth ieeneia e
aeae?iieeneia i?eoiaeeony ieiei 17%, ec ieo ia aeieth e?aiiac?ia (SiO2)
ieiei 12.5%.
Iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?ai?iiuie ieia?aeaie yoie a?oiiu yaeythony ieeneu
e?aiiey, aethieiey, aeaeaca, ia?aaioea e oeoaia.
A e?enoaeee/aneeo no?oeoo?ao ieia?aeia eeanna ieeneia eaoeiiu iaoaeeia
iaoiaeyony a ie?oaeaiee aieiiia eenei?iaea (a ieeneao) eee aeae?ieneea
(a aeae?iieeneao). N?aaee ieeneia iiaeii auaeaeeoue i?inoua ieeneu, a
eioi?uo ioiioaiey iaaeaeo eaoeiiaie e aieiiaie eciaiythony a i?aaeaeao
io 2:1 aei 1:2 (R2O, R2O3, RO2) e neiaeiua ieeneu, aeey eioi?uo
oa?aeoa?iu aeaieiua niaaeeiaiey oeia RO*R2O3.
I?ienoiaeaeaiea ieia?aeia eeanna ieeneia ?acee/iia - iaaiaoe/aneia,
iaaiaoeoiaia, aeae?ioa?iaeueiia, ii aieueoeinoai ieeneia ia?aciaaeinue a
?acoeueoaoa yeciaaiiuo i?ioeannia a aa?oieo neiyo eeoinoa?u. Iiiaea
yiaeiaaiiua ieia?aeu i?e auaao?eaaiee ?ac?ooathony e ia?aoiaeyo a ieeneu
e aeae?iieeneu.
Oece/aneea naienoaa ieeneia ?acee/iu: aeey aieueoeinoaa ec ieo
oa?aeoa?ia aunieay oa??aeinoue. Ieia?aeu eeanna ieeneia eiatho aieueoia
i?aeoe/aneia cia/aiea.
Ea?aiiaou e noeueoaou. Ea?aiiaou - iiiai/eneaiiay a?oiia ieia?aeia,
eioi?ua eiatho oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea. A no?oeoo?iii ioiioaiee ana
ea?aiiaou ioiinyony e iaeiiio iniiaiiio oeio - aieiiu [CO3]2-
i?aaenoaaeytho niaie eciee?iaaiiua ?aaeeeaeu a oi?ia ieineeo
o?aoaieueieeia.
Aieueoeinoai ea?aiiaoia aacaiaeiua i?inoua niaaeeiaiey, aeaaiui ia?acii
Ca, Mg e Fe n eiiieaeniui aieiiii [CO3]2-. Iaiaa ?ani?ino?aiaiu neiaeiua
ea?aiiaou, niaea?aeauea aeiaaai/iua aieiiu (OH)-, F- e Cl-. N?aaee
iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?ai?iiuo aacaiaeiuo ea?aiiaoia ?acee/atho ea?aiiaou
o?eaiiaeueiie e ?iiae/aneie neiaiiee.
Ea?aiiaou iau/ii eiatho naaoeoth ie?aneo: aaeoth, ?iciaoth, na?oth e
o.ae., eneeth/aiea i?aaenoaaeytho ea?aiiaou iaaee, eiathuea cae?ioth eee
neithth ie?aneo. Oa??aeinoue ea?aiiaoia ieiei 3-4.5; ieioiinoue
iaaaeeea, ca eneeth/aieai ea?aiiaoia Zn, Pb e Ba.
Aaaeiui aeeaaiinoe/aneei i?eciaeii yaeyaony aeaenoaea ia ea?aiiaou
eeneio (HCl e HNO3), io eioi?uo iie a oie eee eiie noaiaie aneeiatho n
auaeaeaieai oaeaeeneiai aaca.
Ii i?ienoiaeaeaieth ea?aiiaou inaaei/iua (aeioeie/aneea eee oeie/aneea
inaaeee) eee inaaei/ii-iaoaii?oe/aneea ieia?aeu; auaeaeythony oaeaea
iiaa?oiinoiua, oa?aeoa?iua aeey ciiu ieeneaiey e eiiaaea
ieceioaiia?aoo?iua aeae?ioa?iaeueiua ea?aiiaou.
Noeueoaou - niee na?iie eeneiou. Iie eiatho naaoeoth ie?aneo,
iaaieueooth oa??aeinoue, iiiaea ec ieo ?anoai?eiu a aiaea.
Iniiaiay ianna noeueoaoia eiaao inaaei/iia i?ienoiaeaeaiea - yoi
oeie/aneea ii?neea e ic??iua inaaeee. Iiiaea noeueoaou yaeythony
ieia?aeaie ciiu ieeneaiey, ecaanoiu noeueoaou e eae i?iaeoeou
aoeeaie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe.
?acee/atho noeueoaou aacaiaeiua, aiaeiua e neiaeiua, niaea?aeauea e?iia
iauaai aeey anao aieiiiiai eiiieaena [SO4]2- oaeaea aeiaaai/iua aieiiu
(II)-.
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